Äynu language
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Äynu (also known as Abdal) is a Turkic cryptolect spoken in Western China. It is spoken by the Äynu, a nomadic people, who use it to keep their communications secret from outsiders.
The grammar of Äynu is mostly Turkic, essentially Uyghur, while its vocabulary is mainly derived from Persian and other Iranian languages.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Johansson 2001" /> Some linguists call it a mixed language,<ref name=":0" /> but other linguists argue that it does not meet the technical requirements of a mixed language.<ref name="Johansson 2001">Template:Harvp</ref>
NameEdit
The language is known by many different spellings, including Abdal,Template:Citation needed Aini, Ainu, Ayni, Aynu, Eyni and Eynu.<ref name="mei">Template:Cite book</ref> The Abdal (ئابدال) spelling is commonly used in Uyghur sources. Russian sources use Eynu, Aynu, Abdal (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx) and Chinese uses the spelling Ainu (Template:Lang-zh). The Äynu people call their language Äynú (ئەينۇ, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}).
Geographic distributionEdit
Äynu is spoken in Western China among Alevi Muslims<ref name="KAM">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="XIN">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="WHIT">Template:Cite thesis</ref> in Xinjiang on the edge of the Taklimakan Desert in the Tarim Basin.
Similarly mixed varieties of Turkic and Persian are spoken in other locations including Turkey and Uzbekistan. The speakers of these varieties are also referred to as "Abdal".<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
Use as a secret languageEdit
The only speakers of Äynu are adult men, who are found to speak it outside of their area of settlement in order to communicate without being understood by others. Uyghur is spoken with outsiders who do not speak Äynu and at home when it is not necessary to disguise one's speech.<ref>Template:Harvp</ref>
VocabularyEdit
Most of basic vocabulary in Äynu comes from the Iranian languages, which might be speculated that the language have been originally an Iranian language and have been turned into a Turkic language after a long period.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> There are three vocabulary formation methods in the Äynu language: simple words, derived words, and compound words. The affixes of derived words have both Uyghur and Persian origin. Old people mostly use Persian affixes, while the young people use Uyghur derived vocabulary and affixes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
PhonologyEdit
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/Template:IPA link/ is a palatal consonant. Phonemes on the left of a cell are voiceless, while those on the right are voiced.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Open | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
OrthographyEdit
Due to Äynu's secretive nature, along with a lack of official status in areas which it is spoken in, it does not have any widely used writing system. However, the Uyghur Arabic alphabet is typically used in the occasion where it needs to be written.
NumeralsEdit
Äynu numerals are completely Persian. However, ordinal adjectives are made by adding Uyghur -(I)ncI suffix.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
NumbersEdit
| English | Äynu | Persian | Uyghur |
|---|---|---|---|
| one | yek | yek | bir |
| two | du | du | ikki |
| three | si | se | üç |
| five | pence | penc | peş |
| ten | deh | deh | on |
| twenty | bist | bist | yigirme |
Ordinal adjectivesEdit
| English | Äynu | Persian | Uyghur |
|---|---|---|---|
| first | yekinci | yek | bir |
| second | durinci | duvum | ikkinçi |
| third | sirinci | sivum | üçinci |
| fifth | pencinci | pencum | beşinci |
| tenth | dehinci | dehum | onınçı |
| twentieth | bistinci | bistum | yigirminçi |
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Hölzl, Andreas. 2021. The Eynu language. "Language contact in the Altaic world: A multiperspective approach", 19–20 November 2021, Charles University, Prague.