.223 Remington

The .223 Remington (designated 223 Remington by SAAMI<ref name=SAAMI>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and 223 Rem. by the C.I.P.,<ref name=CIP>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> pronounced "two-twenty three") is a rimless, bottlenecked, centerfire intermediate cartridge. It was developed in 1957 by Remington Arms and Fairchild Industries for the U.S. Continental Army Command of the United States Army as part of a project to create a small-caliber, high-velocity firearm. The .223 Remington is considered one of the most popular common-use cartridges and is used by a wide range of semi-automatic and manual-action rifles.

History

File:Cartridges .222 Remington, .223 Remington & 5.56x45mm NATO.jpg

From left: .222 Remington, .223 Remington, and 5.56×45mm NATO

<section begin=.223 Remington History /> The development of the cartridge, which eventually became the .223 Remington, was linked to the development of a new lightweight combat rifle. The cartridge and rifle were developed by Fairchild Industries, Remington Arms, and several engineers working toward a goal developed by U.S. Continental Army Command (CONARC). Development began in 1957. A project to create a small-caliber, high-velocity (SCHV) firearm was created. Eugene Stoner of ArmaLite was also invited to scale down the AR-10 (7.62×51mm NATO) design.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Winchester was also invited to participate.<ref name="COTW14" /><ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CONARC ordered rifles to test. Stoner and Sierra Bullet's Frank Snow began work on the .222 Remington cartridge. Using a ballistic calculator, they determined that a 55-grain bullet would have to be fired at 3,300 ft/s to achieve the 500-yard performance necessary.<ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm" />

Robert Hutton (technical editor of Guns and Ammo magazine) started the development of a powder load to reach the 3,300 ft/s goal. He used DuPont IMR4198, IMR3031, and an Olin powder to work up loads. Testing was done with a Remington 722 rifle with a 22" Apex barrel. During a public demonstration, the round successfully penetrated the US steel helmet as required, but testing also showed chamber pressures to be too high.<ref name="COTW14" /><ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm" />

Stoner contacted both Winchester and Remington about increasing the case capacity. Remington created a larger cartridge called the .222 Special. This cartridge is loaded with DuPont IMR4475 powder.<ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm" />

During parallel testing of the T44E4 (future M14) and the ArmaLite AR-15 in 1958, the T44E4 experienced 16 failures per 1,000 rounds fired compared to 6.1 for the ArmaLite AR-15.<ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm" /> Because of several different .222 caliber cartridges that were being developed for the SCHV project, the .222 Special was renamed .223 Remington. In May 1959, a report was produced stating that five- to seven-man squads armed with ArmaLite AR-15 rifles have a higher hit probability than 11-man squads armed with the M-14 rifle. At an Independence Day picnic, Air Force General Curtis Le May tested the ArmaLite AR-15 and was very impressed with it. He ordered a number of them to replace M2 carbines that were in use by the Air Force. In November of that year, testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground showed the ArmaLite AR-15 failure rate had declined to 2.5/1,000, resulting in the ArmaLite AR-15 being approved for more extensive trials.<ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm" />

In 1961, marksmanship testing compared the AR-15 and M-14; 43% of ArmaLite AR-15 shooters achieved Expert, while only 22% of M-14 rifle shooters did. Le May ordered 80,000 rifles.<ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm" /> In July 1962, operational testing ended with a recommendation for the adoption of the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle chambered in .223 Remington.<ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm" /> In September 1963, the .223 Remington cartridge was officially accepted and named "Cartridge, 5.56 mm ball, M193". The following year, the ArmaLite AR-15 was adopted by the United States Army as the M16 rifle, and it would later become the standard U.S. military rifle. The specification included a Remington-designed bullet and the use of IMR4475 powder, which resulted in a muzzle velocity of 3,250 ft/s and a chamber pressure of 52,000 psi.<ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm" />

In the spring of 1962, Remington submitted the specifications of the .223 Remington to the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI). In December 1963, Remington introduced its first rifle chambered for .223 Remington a Model 760 rifle.<ref name="COTW14">Template:Cite book</ref>

Cartridge dimensions

The .223 Remington has a 1.87 mL (28.8 gr H₂O) cartridge case capacity.<ref name="SixmmBR - Throating .223 vs 5.56mm"/>

.223 Remington maximum CIP cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).<ref name="cip-bobp.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 23 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 305 mm (1 in 12 in), 6 grooves, Ø lands = Template:Convert, Ø grooves = Template:Convert, land width = Template:Convert and the primer type is small rifle.

According to the official CIP rulings, the .223 Remington can handle up to Template:Convert P_max piezo pressure. In CIP-regulated countries, every rifle cartridge combination has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers.<ref name="cip-bobp.org"/> This means that .223 Remington chambered arms in CIP-regulated countries are Template:Asof proof tested at Template:Convert PE piezo pressure. This is equal to the NATO maximum service pressure guideline for the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge.

The SAAMI pressure limit for the .223 Remington is set at Template:Convert, piezo pressure.<ref name="saami_pressures">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Remington submitted .223 Remington specifications to SAAMI in 1964.<ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm" />

.223 Remington vs. 5.56×45mm NATO

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}}Template:Merge partner }} In 1980, the .223 Remington was transformed into a new cartridge and designated 5.56×45mm NATO (SS109 or M855).<ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm"/>

Dimensions

The external dimensional specifications of .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO brass cases are nearly identical. The cases tend to have similar case capacity when measured (case capacities have been observed to vary by as much as 2.6 grains (0.17 ml)), although the shoulder profile and neck length are not the same and 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge cases tend be slightly thicker to accommodate higher chamber pressures. When hand-loaded, care is taken to look for pressure signs as 5.56×45mm NATO cases may produce higher pressures with the same type of powder and bullet as compared to .223 Remington cases. Sierra provides separate loading sections for .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO and also recommends different loads for bolt-action rifles as compared to semiautomatic rifles.<ref name="SixmmBR - Throating .223 vs 5.56mm"/><ref name=lg>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Pressures

Remington submitted the specifications for the .223 Remington cartridge in 1964 to SAAMI. The original pressure for the .223 Remington was 52,000 psi with DuPont IMR Powder. A higher pressure of Template:Convert resulted from the change from IMR to Olin Ball powder.<ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm" /> The official name for .223 Remington in the US Army is cartridge 5.56x45mm ball, M193. If a 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge is loaded into a chamber intended to use .223 Remington, the bullet will be in contact with the rifling and the forcing cone is very tight. This generates a much higher pressure than .223 Remington chambers are designed for.<ref name="SixmmBR - Throating .223 vs 5.56mm">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Chamber pressures obtained using different methods are not comparable. The pressure limits for .223 Rem and 5.56×45mm NATO are very similar, if using similar measurement methodologies.

• The SAAMI sets the pressure limit for .223 Rem at Template:Cvt, using a chamber conformal transducer.<ref name=SAAMI/> The US military uses a similar methodology (SCATP) and produces a very similar limit for their ammunition, at Template:Cvt.<ref>MIL-C-9963F and MIL-C-63989A(AR)</ref>
• The CIP sets the pressure limit for .223 Rem at Template:Cvt, using a perforated-case transducer.<ref name=CIP/>
• NATO EPVAT testing uses a case-mouth setup and is intended for 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition. The 2005 proof pressure is Template:Cvt, which when divided by a factor of 1.25 yields the same maximum service pressure of Template:Cvt.<ref name="dstan.mod.uk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Chambers

The .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO barrel chamberings are not the same according to Clymer, with the 5.56 NATO chamber having generally slightly larger dimensions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A brochure from "Forster Products" claims that while the headspace gauge for .223 Rem is 1.4636/1.4666/1.4696 for No-go/Go/Field, the gauge is 1.4636/1.4736 for Min/Max on 5.56 NATO. The brochure goes on to claim that this could mean a premature contact with rifling with 5.56 ammunition is fired from a .223 chamber.<ref>NATO Chamber Headspace Gages Available for 5.56 NATO and 7.62 NATO</ref> However, the 2025 SAAMI specification for the headspace dimension on .223 Rem is the same as what Forster claimed for 5.56 NATO: 1.4636 to 1.4736.<ref name=SAAMI/> In any case, the premature contact allegation is likely not based on headspace differences, but on the lede length and angle difference between the two chambers, with 5.56 NATO having a shallower and longer lede.

By observation, 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition is not as accurate as .223 Remington in many of the AR-type rifles extant, even with the same bullet weight. The .223 Wylde chamber specification developed by Bill Wylde solves this problem by using the external dimensions and lead angle as found in the military 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge and the 0.224 inch freebore diameter as found in the civilian SAAMI .223 Remington cartridge. It was designed to increase the accuracy of 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition to that of .223 Remington.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other companies also have chamber designs that increase 5.56×45mm NATO accuracy.<ref name="Primary Arms - Noveske">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (The "lower accuracy" observation for 5.56 chambers running .223 ammunition has not been reproduced with newer tests.)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Andrew of LuckyGunner LLC has collected 8 different chamber dimensions from various reamer companies, including .223 Rem, .223 Wylde, and 5.56. He also emphasizes that manufacturing differences will make each actual chamber dimensionally different from others. In addition, he tested 5.56 NATO ammunition in .223 Rem chambers and failed to find dangerous levels of pressure increase.<ref name="LuckyGunner">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Rifling

NATO chose a 178-mm (1-in-7) rifling twist rate for the 5.56×45mm NATO chambering. The SS109/M855 5.56×45mm NATO ball cartridge requires a minimum 228 mm (1-in-9) twist rate, while adequately stabilizing the longer NATO L110/M856 5.56×45mm NATO tracer projectile requires an even faster 178 mm (1-in-7) twist rate.<ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm" />

Comparisons

The table contains some estimated pressures based on normal proofing practice and on the known increases in pressure caused by bullet setback (which is a similar occurrence with regard to pressure). The proof pressure of M197 is 70,000 psi.<ref name="COTW14 - US 5.56 Mil Specs">Template:Cite book</ref>

The following table shows the differences in nomenclature, rifling, throating, and normal, maximum, and safe pressures:<ref name="COTW14" />Template:Verification needed

Cartridge	US designation	NATO designation	Bullet	Rifling	Throat	Pressure in NATO chamber	in 223 SAAMI chamber	Safe sustained
223 Remington	223 Rem		55 gr FMJ	1:14	tight	Template:Convert<ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm" />	Template:Convert<ref name="Gunzone - Timeline .5.56 x 45mm" />	Yes
223 Remington	M193	5.56×45mm	55 gr FMJ	1:12	tight	Template:Convert CCT<ref>MIL-C-9963F, 15-10-76</ref>	Template:ConvertTemplate:Cn	Yes
223 Remington	Federal AE223	5.56×45mm	55 gr FMJBT	1:12	tight	Template:Convert MCSG<ref name=lg/>	N/A	N/A
223 Remington	Federal AE223	5.56×45mm	55 gr FMJBT	1:12	tight	Template:Convert CCT<ref name=lg/>	Template:Convert<ref name=lg/>	Yes
223 Remington	M196	5.56×45mm	54 gr Tracer	1:12	tight	Template:Convert	Template:ConvertTemplate:Cn	Yes
223 Remington	M197		C10524197-56-2	1:12	tight	Template:Convert	Template:ConvertTemplate:Cn	One time only
5.56×45 mm NATO	M855	SS109	62 gr ball	1:7	long	Template:Convert EPVAT	over Template:ConvertTemplate:Cn	No
5.56×45 mm NATO	M855	SS109	62 gr ball	1:7	long	Template:Convert CCT<ref>MIL-C-63989A(AR), 5-10-84</ref>	over Template:ConvertTemplate:Cn	No
5.56×45 mm NATO	XM855 (Federal)	SS109	62 gr ball	1:7	long	Template:Convert–Template:Convert MCSG<ref name=lg/>	Template:Convert MCSG<ref name=lg/>	Yes
5.56×45 mm NATO	XM855 (Federal)	SS109	62 gr ball	1:7	long	Template:Convert CCT<ref name=lg/>	Template:Convert CCT<ref name=lg/>	Yes
5.56×45 mm NATO	M856	L110	77 gr Tracer	1:7	long	Template:Convert EPVAT	over Template:ConvertTemplate:Cn	No
5.56×45 mm NATO	M857	SS111	Tungsten carbide	1:7	long	Template:Convert EPVAT	over Template:ConvertTemplate:Cn	No
5.56×45 mm NATO	Proof	Proof	unknown	1:7	long	Template:Convert EPVAT	Template:Convert estimatedTemplate:Cn	No

Key to peak pressure measurement methods:

• EPVAT: NATO EPVAT testing at case mouth.
• CCT: chamber conformal transducer. Includes: SAAMI method and SAAMI-like "SCATP" method used by the US Army.
• CIP: CIP drilled-case.
• MCSG: mid-case strain gauge, appears to generate slightly higher readings than SAAMI.
• (no marking): unknown, hence difficult to compare.

Notes:

• "Rifling" and "throat", like chamber dimensions, should be attributes of the firearms themselves, and not of the ammunition. This probably refers to "intended" values for the ammunition.

Effects of barrel length on velocity

Barrel length helps determine a specific cartridge's muzzle velocity. A longer barrel typically yields a greater muzzle velocity, while a shorter barrel yields a lower one. The first AR-15 rifles used a barrel length of 20".

Usage and commercial offerings

File:.223, .243, .308.JPG

(Left to right) .223 Rem, .243 Win, .308 Win

The .223 Remington has become one of the most popular cartridges and is currently used in a wide range of semiautomatic and manual-action rifles and even handguns, such as the Colt AR-15, Ruger Mini-14, Remington Model 700.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The popularity of .223 Remington is so great, that in the US it virtually eliminated all other similar .22 caliber center-fire varmint rifle cartridges.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

It is commercially loaded with 0.224-inch (5.7 mm) diameter jacketed bullets, with weights ranging from 35 to 85 grains (2.27 to 5.8 g), with the most common loading by far being 55 gr (3.6 g). Ninety-grain and 95-grain (6.2 g) Sierra Matchking bullets are available for reloaders.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

• .30 RAR
• 5 mm caliber
• 6×45mm
• Delta L problem
• List of rifle cartridges
• Sectional density
• Table of handgun and rifle cartridges

External links

• .223 Remington Cartridge Guide by AccurateShooter.com
• A 5.56×45mm Timeline by Daniel Watters
• Ballistics By The Inch .223 Remington results.