1866 in science

The year 1866 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

AstronomyEdit

May – William Huggins studies the emission spectrum of a nova and discovers that it is surrounded by a cloud of hydrogen.<ref>Template:Cite ODNB</ref>
June 4 – Pluto (not known at this time) reaches its only aphelion between 1618 and 2113.
Giovanni Schiaparelli realizes that meteor streams occur when the Earth passes through the orbit of a comet that has left debris along its path.

Gregor Mendel publishes his laws of inheritance.<ref>Template:Cite journal For the English translation, see Template:Cite journal</ref>
Ernst Haeckel challenges the plant/animal division of life, observing that single celled organisms, the protists, do not fit into either category.
Élie Metchnikoff describes the early separation of "polecells" (progenital cells) in parthenogenetic Diptera.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Robert John Lechmere Guppy discovers the guppy (fish) in Trinidad.
Frederick Smith first discovers Formica candida in the Bournemouth district of England, describing it as Formica gagates.
Nikolai Kaufman publishes his Moscow Flora.<ref>Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979).</ref>

Dynamite invented by Alfred Nobel.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
August von Hofmann proposes the now standard system of hydrocarbon nomenclature and invents the Hofmann voltameter.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Emil Erlenmeyer proposes that naphthalene has a structure of two fused benzene rings.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The second smallest pair of amicable numbers (1184, 1210) is discovered by teenager B. Nicolò I. Paganini.

February 21 – Lucy Hobbs Taylor becomes the world's first woman to receive a doctorate from a dental college (Ohio College of Dental Surgery).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
July – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson opens the St Mary's Dispensary in London where women can seek medical advice from exclusively female practitioners.<ref name="People's Chronology"/>
Max Schultze discovers two sorts of 'receptors' in the retina.<ref>Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina.</ref>
Dr John Langdon Down publishes his theory that different types of mental condition can be classified by ethnic characteristics, notably "Mongolism", the genetic developmental disability now known as Down syndrome.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="People's Chronology"/>
Invention of a clinical thermometer by Thomas Clifford Allbutt.<ref name="People's Chronology"/>
A cholera epidemic in London causes over 5,000 deaths.<ref name="People's Chronology">Template:Cite book</ref>
Patrick Manson starts a school of tropical medicine in Hong Kong.Template:Citation needed

American paleontologist Joseph Leidy describes the new genus and species Laelaps aquilunguis, demonstrating that theropod dinosaurs walked on their hind limbs rather than on all fours as in earlier reconstructions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

January 12 – Royal Aeronautical Society is formed as 'The Aeronautical Society of Great Britain' in London, the world's oldest such society.
July 27 – The Template:SS successfully completes laying the transatlantic telegraph cable between Valentia Island, Ireland and Heart's Content, Newfoundland, permanently restoring a communications link.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">Template:Cite book</ref>
August 23 – Ralph H. Twedell patents the hydraulic riveter in the United Kingdom.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

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February 1 – Agda Meyerson (died 1924), Swedish nurse and healthcare profession activist
February 8 – Moses Gomberg (died 1947), Russian-born chemist
February 14 – Victor Despeignes (died 1937), French pioneer of radiation oncology
February 26 – Herbert Henry Dow (died 1930), Canadian-born chemist
April 17 – Ernest Starling (died 1927), English physiologist
July 13 – Emily Winifred Dickson (died 1944), Irish-born gynaecologist
July 25 – Frederick Blackman (died 1947), English plant physiologist
September 13 – Arthur Pollen (died 1937), English inventor
September 21 – H. G. Wells (died 1946), English scientific populariser
September 25 – Thomas Hunt Morgan (died 1945), American biologist, Nobel laureate in Physiology
October 8 – Reginald Fessenden (died 1932), Canadian pioneer of radio broadcasting
November 11 – Martha Annie Whiteley (died 1956), English chemist and mathematician
November 30 – Robert Broom (died 1951), Scottish-born paleontologist
December 7 – Maude Delap (died 1953), Irish marine biologist

March 6 – William Whewell (born 1794), English scientist, philosopher and historian of science
March 14 – Alexander Morison (born 1779), Scottish physician and psychiatrist
April 4 – William Dick (born 1793), Scottish veterinarian
April 5 – Thomas Hodgkin (born 1798), English physician
July 20 – Bernhard Riemann (born 1826), German-born mathematician
September 16 – François Mêlier (born 1798), French physician <ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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October 18 – Philipp Franz von Siebold (born 1796), German physician, botanist and traveler in Japan
December 1 – George Everest (born 1790), British surveyor and geographer