1893 in science

The year 1893 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

• July 11 – Kōkichi Mikimoto, in Japan, develops the method to seed and grow cultured pearls.
• Henry Luke Bolley discovers a method of treating smut with formaldehyde.

Chemistry

• Hans Goldschmidt discovers the thermite reaction.<ref>Goldschmidt, H. (13 March 1895). Verfahren zur Herstellung von Metallen oder Metalloiden oder Legierungen derselben ("Process for the production of metals or metalloids or alloys of the same"). Deutsche Reichs Patent no. 96317.</ref>
• Nagai Nagayoshi synthesizes methamphetamine from ephedrine.
• Alfred Werner discovers the octahedral structure of cobalt complexes, thus establishing the field of coordination chemistry.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Earth sciences

• Eduard Suess postulates the former existence of the Tethys Sea.

Exploration

• Mary Kingsley lands in Sierra Leone on the first of her journeys through Africa in the interests of anthropology and natural history.

Mathematics

• J. J. Sylvester poses what becomes known as the Sylvester–Gallai theorem in geometry.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding by T. Sundara Row is first published in Madras.

Medicine

• July 9 – Daniel H. Williams completes the first successful open heart surgery.
• October 5 – Johns Hopkins Medical School opens in the United States.
• Emil Kraepelin introduces the concept of dementia praecox in the classification of mental disorders, distinguishing it from mood disorder in his Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie (4th edition).
• Ádám Politzer describes otosclerosis for the first time.
• Vladimir Bekhterev describes Ankylosing spondylitis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Physics

• Wilhelm Wien formulates Wien's displacement law.

Technology

• January 2 – Webb C. Ball introduces railroad chronometers which become the general railroad timepiece standards in North America.
• February 1 – Thomas Edison finishes construction of the first motion picture studio in West Orange, New Jersey.
• February 11 – János Csonka and Donát Bánki apply for a patent for the carburetor in Hungary.<ref>10891/1893, issued 3 May 1894.</ref><ref name=Csonka>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• February 23 – Rudolf Diesel receives a patent for the diesel engine. In this year he also publishes his treatise Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen Wärmemotors zum Ersatz der Dampfmaschine und der heute bekannten Verbrennungsmotoren.
• February 28 – Edward Goodrich Acheson patents the method for making the abrasive silicon carbide powder.<ref>Acheson, G. (1893) {{#if:492767

|[{{#ifeq:|uspto|http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=%7Chttps://patents.google.com/patent/US}}{{#iferror:{{#expr:492767 }}|492767}} U.S. patent {{#ifeq:Template:Replace|Template:Digits|Template:Replace|492767}}] |{{US patent|123456|link text}}}} Production of artificial crystalline carbonaceous material.</ref>

• May 9 – Edison's 1½ inch system of Kinetoscope is first demonstrated in public at the Brooklyn Institute.
• May – William Scherzer (dies July 20) files a patent for his design of rolling lift bridge.<ref>{{#if:511713

|[{{#ifeq:|uspto|http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=%7Chttps://patents.google.com/patent/US}}{{#iferror:{{#expr:511713 }}|511713}} U.S. patent {{#ifeq:Template:Replace|Template:Digits|Template:Replace|511713}}] |{{US patent|123456|link text}}}} granted December 26, 1893. Template:Cite book</ref>

• June 21 – The first Ferris Wheel opens to the public at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• July 12 – Prototype of Diesel's Motor 250/400 (150/400) completed;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> first run August 10 (on petrol).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• July 25 – Completion of the Corinth Canal in Greece.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• August 17 – Wilhelm Maybach patents the spray nozzle carburetor in France.<ref name=Csonka/>
• Refinery for Pacific Coast Borax Company in Alameda, California, designed by Ernest L. Ransome, is the first major reinforced concrete building in the United States.<ref>Engineering News 29 (16 February 1893) pp. 162–163.</ref>
• The first sousaphone is built by James Welsh Pepper at the request of bandmaster John Philip Sousa in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Awards

• Copley Medal: George Gabriel Stokes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Wollaston Medal for Geology: Nevil Story Maskelyne

Births

• February 3 – Gaston Julia (died 1978), French mathematician.
• February 24 – Tokushichi Mishima (died 1975), Japanese inventor and metallurgist.
• April 29 – Harold Urey (died 1981), American winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• April 30 – Roy Chadwick (died 1947), English aircraft designer.
• June 13 – Alan A. Griffith (died 1963), English stress engineer.
• August 5 – Sydney Camm (died 1966), English aircraft designer.
• August 15 – Leslie Comrie (died 1950), New Zealand astronomer and computing pioneer.
• August 24 – Haim Ernst Wertheimer (died 1978), German Jewish biochemist.
• August 25 – Henry Trendley Dean (died 1962), American dental researcher.
• September 16 – Albert Szent-Györgyi (died 1986), Hungarian physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• October 23 – Ernst Öpik (died 1985), Estonian astronomer and astrophysicist.
• November 3 – Edward Adelbert Doisy (died 1986), American biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• December 3 – Wilhelm Pelikan (died 1981), Austrian chemist.
• December 14 – Alf Lysholm (died 1973), Swedish mechanical engineer.
• December – Eugène Gabritschevsky (died 1979), Russian biologist and artist.

Deaths

• January 2 – John Obadiah Westwood (born 1805), English entomologist.
• January 7 – Jožef Stefan (born 1835), Slovenian physicist and mathematician.
• March 3 – Orlando Whistlecraft (died 1810), English meteorologist.
• August 16 – Jean-Martin Charcot (born 1825), French neurologist.
• September 1 – Leonard Jenyns (born 1800), English natural historian.
• November 6 - Justin Benoît, (born 1813), French surgeon and anatomist<ref name="Léonore">Template:Base Léonore</ref>
• December 4 – John Tyndall (born 1820), British physicist.
• December 6 – Rudolf Wolf (born 1816), Swiss astronomer.
• December 25 – Marie Durocher (born 1809), Brazilian obstetrician and physician.
• December 28 – Richard Spruce (born 1817), English botanist.