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Timeline of aviation in the 19th century

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Timeline
of aviation
pre-18th century
18th century
19th century
20th century
21st century begins

Template:Portal This is a list of aviation-related events during the 19th century (1 January 1801 – 31 December 1900):

1800–1859Edit

File:Aeronautics2.jpg
An 1818 technical illustration shows early balloon designs.
File:Early flight 02561u (5).jpg
A late 19th-century illustration of Gay-Lussac and Biot ascending to Template:Convert in a hot-air balloon in 1804.

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File:Early flight 02561u (9).jpg
Harris jumps from his balloon to save his fiancée. Illustration from the late 19th Century.
File:Early flight 02561u (10).jpg
Francisque Arban is rescued by Italian fishermen, 1846. Illustration from the late 19th century.
  • 1840
  • 1842
    • November – English engineer William Samuel Henson makes the first complete drawing of a power-driven aeroplane with steam-engine drive. The patent follows the works of Cayley. The English House of Commons rejects the motion for the formation of an "Aerial Transport Company" with great laughter.
  • 1843
  • 1845
  • 1846
    • French balloonist Francisque Arban makes his twelfth flight from Rome in April, and is rescued from the sea after a flight from Trieste later in the year.
  • 1848
  • 1849
    • 12–25 July – While blockading Venice, the Austrians launch unmanned incendiary balloons equipped with explosive charges from land and as well as from the steamship Template:SMS in an attempt to bombard Venice. Although the experiment is mostly unsuccessful, it is both the first use of balloons for bombardment and the first time a warship makes offensive use of an aerial device.<ref>Layman 1989, p. 13.</ref>
    • 2–3 September – French balloonist Francisque Arban makes the first (and until 1924 only) balloon flight over the Alps, flying a hydrogen balloon from Marseille to Turin.
    • 7 October – Francisque Arban takes off from Barcelona, but his balloon is blown over the Mediterranean Sea and is lost.
    • Sir George Cayley launches a 10-year-old boy in a small glider being towed by a team of people running down a hill. This is the first known flight by a person in a heavier-than-air machine.<ref>Lewis 1962, p.178.</ref>
  • 1852
  • 1853
    • Late June or early July – Sir George Cayley's coachman successfully flies a glider, designed by his employer, some proportion of the distance across Brompton Dale in Yorkshire, becoming the world's first adult aeroplane pilot.<ref>Lewis 1962, p. 178.</ref> Unimpressed with this honour, the coachman promptly resigns his employment.
  • 1855
  • 1856
  • 1857
    • Félix Du Temple flies clockwork and steam-powered model aircraft, the first sustained powered flights by heavier-than-air machines.
    • French brothers du Temple de la Croix apply after successful attempts with models for a patent for a power-driven aeroplane.
  • 1858
    • John Wise and three companions complete a Montgolfière flight over a distance of Template:Convert from St. Louis to HendersonTemplate:Clarify
    • French airman Nadar takes the first aerial photographs.<ref>Holmes 2014, p.156</ref>

1860sEdit

  • 1860
  • 1861
  • 1862
    • With the permission of the British War Office, British Army Captain F. Beaumont and Lieutenant George Grover perform observation balloon trials at Aldershot, assisted by the civilian aeronaut Henry Tracey Coxwell. It is the first balloon experiment in the British armed forces, although the first official experimentation will not occur until 1878.<ref name="earlymilitaryballooning">rafmuseum.org.uk "Early Military Ballooning"</ref>
    • Late March – Civilian aeronaut John H. Steiner takes United States Navy officers aloft in an observation balloon from the deck of a flatboat on the Mississippi River so that they can direct the fire of U.S. Navy mortar boats against the Confederate-held Island Number Ten It will be the last aerial guidance of naval gunfire anywhere in the world until 1904.<ref name="Layman, R.D. 1989, p. 116">Layman 1989, p. 116.</ref>
    • March–May – The George Washington Parke Custis transports and tows observation balloons along the York River in Virginia during the Peninsula Campaign.<ref name="Layman, R.D. 1989, p. 116"/>
    • April – John B. Starkweather ascends several times in a balloon from the deck of the Union paddle steamer May Flower to observe Confederate positions at Port Royal, South Carolina.<ref name="Layman, R.D. 1989, p. 116"/>
    • June – The Confederate States Navy chooses the steamer CSS Teaser to embark a balloon for use in observation of Union Army positions along the James River in Virginia.<ref name="Layman, R.D. 1989, p. 14">Layman 1989, p. 14.</ref>
    • 1–3 July – The Confederate States Navy steamer Teaser operates a coal-gas silk observation balloon to reconnoitre Union Army positions along the James River in Virginia, the only use of a balloon by the Confederate States Navy. Her capture on 4 July by the steamer Template:USS ends Confederate naval balloon operations.<ref name="Layman, R.D. 1989, p. 14"/>
    • 5 September – Aeronaut Henry Tracey Coxwell and English physicist James Glaisher officially reach a height of Template:Convert in a coal gas balloon according to their balloon's barometer,<ref>Holmes 2014, pp. 213-5</ref> although later estimates place the maximum altitude they attained at between Template:Convert. The two men nearly die of hypoxia during the flight, Glaisher falling unconscious and Coxwell losing all feeling in his hands.<ref name="century-of-flight.net"/>
  • 1863
  • 1864
    • Outbreak of the Paraguayan War between the Alliance of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay. The Alliance forces made much use of balloon reconnaissance over the next six years.
    • English philosopher-scientist Matthew Piers Watt Boulton of the UK writes his short paper, On Aerial Locomotion, detailing several inventions, including that of the aileron almost as an afterthought (he later patents them in 1868). Boulton's inspiration has been attributed to French Count Ferdinand Charles Honore Phillipe d'Esterno, whose detailed analysis of flapping and soaring bird flight, Du Vol des Oiseaux (On the flight of birds) was published as a pamphlet in 1864.<ref name="Harrison 2000">Harrison, James P. Mastering the Sky: A History of Aviation from Ancient Times to the Present, Da Capo Press, 2000, p. 48, Template:ISBN.</ref>
  • 1865
    • Solomon Andrews flies a dirigible twice over New York City.
    • German experimenter Paul Haenlein takes out a patent for the "Earliest Known Airship With a Semi-rigid Frame," envisioned to have a coal-gas-burning engine which draws its fuel from the craftTemplate:'s envelope, which is filled with coal gas. He later will construct the craft in Germany.<ref>Whitehouse 1966, p. 14.</ref>
    • Jules Verne describes in his novel The Journey to the Moon the launch of a rocket from Florida, from which many years later American space flights actually will start.
    • The Frenchman Le Comte Ferdinand Charles Honore Phillipe d'Esterno writes in his book About the Flight of Birds, "Gliding seems to be characteristic for heavy birds; there are no odds which are stacked against that humans can not do the same at fair wind." He had earlier published the 1864 pamphlet Du Vol des Oiseaux (On the flight of birds).<ref name="Harrison 2000" />
    • French artist and farmer Louis Pierre Mouillard makes a tentative gliding flight. After years of studies of bird flight he publishes his book L'Empire de l'Air in 1881. He thinks that imitation of gliding and soaring flight of birds is possible, but not the imitation of the flapping of wings.
    • 20 September – Jacob Brodbeck, in his coil-spring-driven airship, flies 100 feet before crashing in a field near Luckenbach, Texas.<ref>Texas Less Travelled: The Brodbeck Airship</ref>
  • 1866
    • First South American military balloon reconnaissance ascent. On 6 July, Lieutenant Colonel Roberto A. Chodasiewicz, an Argentine Army military engineer, makes the first South American military observation ascent, manning a Brazilian Army's captive ballon over Paraguayan troops, during the Paraguayan War.
    • Foundation (12 January in London) of the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain later to become the Royal Aeronautical Society, the world's oldest society devoted to all aspects of aeronautics and astronautics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

    • Francis Herbert Wenham, British, presents his paper on "Aerial Locomotion" to the RAeS. Patented superposed wing design (biplane, multiplane).
    • Jan Wnęk claims gliding flights (1866–1869) from the Odporyszów church tower.<ref name="wnek">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kraków Museum of Ethnography, the source of claims of documentary evidence, refuse to allow independent researchers access to these.

    • First exhibition of aviation in London's Crystal Palace.
  • 1868
  • 1869
    • 4 July – Frederick Marriott makes the first successful flight of an unmanned powered airship in the United States at San Francisco, a small scale dirigible called the Avitor Hermes, Jr..<ref>Harwood, Craig S. and Fogel, Gary B., Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of Aviation in the West, Norman, Okla.; University of Oklahoma Press, 2012, p. 14.</ref>

1870–1889Edit

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  • 1871
    • The Englishmen Wenham and Browning construct the first wind tunnel and conduct airflow experiments.
    • Alphonse Pénaud flies his Planophore, a small rubber-powered model which is designed to have automatic pitch and roll stability.<ref>Gibbs-Smith 2003, p.56.</ref>
  • 1872
    • 2 February – French naval architect Henri Dupuy de Lôme achieves Template:Convert with his airship driven by a propeller turned by eight men.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1873
  • 1874
    • 20 September – Felix and Louis du Temple de la Croix build a piloted steam-powered monoplane which achieves a short hop after gaining speed by rolling down a ramp.<ref>Gibbs-Smith 2002, p. 59.</ref>
  • 1875
  • 1876
File:Elicottero sperimentale Enrico Forlanini 1877 Museo scienza e tecnologia Milano.jpg
Experimental helicopter by Enrico Forlanini (1877) (Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, Milan)
  • 1877
  • 1878
  • 1879
    • The British Army gains its first balloon, the Pioneer.
    • Frenchman Victor Tatin builds a power-driven model aeroplane with airscrews and a compressed air motor, successfully flying it off the ground.
    • American scientist Edmund Clarence Stedman proposes a rigid airship inspired by the anatomy of a fish, with a framework of steel, brass, or copper tubing and a tractor propeller mounted on the front of the envelope, later changed to an engine with two propellers suspended beneath the framework. The airship never is built, but StedmanTemplate:'s design foreshadows that of the Zeppelins of World War I.<ref>Whitehouse, Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, p. 15.</ref>
    • Biot makes short hops in the Biot-Massia glider.
  • 1880
    • The Russian naval officer Alexander Fjodorowitsch Mozhaiski patents a steam-powered aircraft.<ref>Gibbs-Smith 2003, p. 66.</ref>
    • Friedrich Wölfert and Ernst Baumgarten attempt to fly a powered dirigible in free flight, but crash.
    • Balloons are used in British military manoeuvres for the first time at Aldershot.
  • 1882
    • 4 July – The first balloon flight in New Mexico is made by Park Van Tassel.<ref>Fogel, Gary B. Sky Rider: Park Van Tassel and the Rise of Ballooning in the West, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 2021, p. 5.</ref>
  • 1883
    • M.A. Goupil proposes a steam-powered monoplane with tractor propeller. His full-size test rig lifts itself and two men in a light breeze, but the design is never built.
    • The first electric-powered flight is made by Gaston Tissandier who fits a Siemens AG electric motor to a dirigible. Airships with electric engines (Tissandier brothers, Renard and Krebs).
    • Wölfert unsuccessfully tests a balloon powered by a hand-cranked propeller
    • The Berlin-based "German Society for Promoting Aviation" publishes a magazine, the "Zeitschrift für Luftschiffahrt" (Magazine of Aviation).
File:The 1884 Krebs & Renard first fully controllable free-flights with the LA FRANCE dirigible near Paris (Krebs arch.).jpg
The 1884 Krebs & Renard first fully controllable free-flights with the LA FRANCE electric dirigible near Paris (Krebs arch.)
File:La France Observatoire.jpg
The astronomer Jules Janssen took this photo of La France dirigible of the French officers Charles Renard and Arthur Krebs from his Meudon astrophysic observatory in 1885.
  • 1884
    • 9 August – The first fully controllable free-flight is made in the French Army dirigible La France by Charles Renard and Arthur Krebs. The flight covers Template:Convert in 23 minutes. It was the first flight to return to the starting point.<ref>Hallion 2003, p. 87.</ref>
    • Mozhaiski finishes his monoplane (span 14 m, or 46 ft). It makes a short flight, taking off after running down a launching ramp.<ref>Gibbs-Smith 2003 p.67.</ref>
    • John J. Montgomery makes first controlled heavier-than-air unpowered flight in America.<ref name="Richard J. Montgomery 1919">Richard J. Montgomery, response to Questions #22 and #24, January 14, 1919, in Equity No. 33852 (John J. Montgomery Collection, Santa Clara University Archives and Special Collections).</ref><ref name="Charles Burroughs 1920">Affidavit of Charles Burroughs, dated February 26, 1920.</ref>
    • The British Army deploys observation balloons in combat for the first time, when it takes balloons subordinated to the Royal Engineers along on the Bechuanaland Expedition in South Africa.
    • The Imperial Russian Army adopts the balloon for military service.<ref>Layman 1989, p. 91.</ref>
    • Englishman Horatio Phillipps has a patent issued for curved aerofoil sections.<ref>Gibbs-Smith 2003, p. 68.</ref>
    • Goupil publishes his book on La Locomotion Aérienne.
  • 1885
    • The Prussian Airship Arm (Preussische Luftschiffer Abteilung) becomes a permanent unit of the army.
    • The British Army deploys observation balloons in Sudan to take part in the expedition to Suakin during the Mahdist War.<ref name="earlymilitaryballooning"/>
    • Frenchmen Hervé and Alluard achieve a hot air balloon flight of over 24 hours.
    • John J. Montgomery experiments with a second glider in California.<ref name="Richard J. Montgomery 1919"/><ref name="Charles Burroughs 1920"/><ref>Zachariah Montgomery to Richard Montgomery, August 6, 1885 (John J. Montgomery Collection, Santa Clara University Archives and Special Collections)</ref>
  • 1886
    • John J. Montgomery conducts studies on the flow of water and air over angles surfaces and experiments with a third glider in California.<ref>John J. Montgomery to Margaret H. Montgomery, December 23, 1885</ref><ref>Montgomery, John J., 1910 "The Origin of Warping: Professor Montgomery's Experiments," Aeronautics (London) Vol. 3, No 5, pp. 63-64.</ref>
  • 1887
    • 30 January – Thomas Scott Baldwin makes the first parachute jump in the western United States at San Francisco from a tethered balloon owned by Park Van Tassel and using a parachute co-invented with Park Van Tassel.<ref>Fogel, Gary B. Sky Rider: Park Van Tassel and the Rise of Ballooning in the West, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 2021, p. 40.</ref>
  • 1888
    • Wölfert flies a petrol powered dirigible at Seelburg, the first use of a petrol-fuelled engine for aviation purposes. The engine was built by Gottlieb Daimler.<ref>Hallion 2003, p. 89.</ref>
    • 4 July – Clara Van Tassel makes the first parachute jump by a woman in the western United States at Los Angeles from a balloon operated by her husband Park Van Tassel.<ref>Fogel, Gary B. Sky Rider: Park Van Tassel and the Rise of Ballooning in the West, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 2021, p. 53.</ref>
  • 1889
    • Percival G. Spencer makes a successful parachute jump from a balloon at Drumcondra, Ireland
    • Otto Lilienthal publishes in his book Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst (Bird Flight as the Basis for the Art of Aviation) measurements on wings, so called polar diagrams, which are the concept of description of artificial wings even today. The book gives a reference for the advantages of the arched wing.
    • Pichancourt develops a mechanical bird which aimed to imitate the motion of a bird's wings in flight.
    • Lawrence Hargrave, a British immigrant to Australia, constructs a rotary engine driven by compressed air.
    • A British Army observation balloon section takes part in the Army Manoeuvres at Aldershot.<ref name="earlymilitaryballooning"/>

1890–1900Edit

File:EolePatent.jpg
Patent drawing of Ader's Eole
File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg
Otto Lilienthal in flight, ca. 1895

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Hops>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Donald Macintyre 1968, p. 8">Macintyre, Donald, Aircraft Carrier: The Majestic Weapon, New York: Ballantine Books Inc., 1968, p. 8.</ref>

  • 1891
  • 1892
    • February – The first contract is awarded for the construction of a military airplane: Clément Ader is contracted by the French War Ministry to build a two-seater aircraft to be used as a bomber, capable of lifting a 75-kilogram (165-pound) bombload.<ref>Crosby, Francis, The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the WorldTemplate:'s Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Anness Publishing Ltd., 2006, Template:ISBN, p. 16.</ref>
    • August – Clément Ader later claims to have made an uncontrolled flight of Template:Convert in the Avion II (also referred to as the Zephyr or Éole II) at a field in Satory in this month.
    • Otto Lilienthal flies over Template:Convert in his Südende-Glider.
    • Austria-Hungary's army gains a permanent air corps, the Kaiserlich und Königliche Militäraeronautische Anstalt ("Imperial and Royal Military Aeronautical Group")
  • 1893
  • 1894
    • Czeslaw Tanski successfully flies powered models in Poland and begins work on full-size gliders.
    • Railway engineer Octave Chanute publishes Progress in Flying Machines, describing the research completed so far into flight. Chanute's book, a summary of many articles published in the "American Engineer and Railroad Journal", is a comprehensive account on the stage of development worldwide on the way to the aeroplane.
    • Otto Lilienthal's Normal soaring apparatus is the first serial production of a glider. Using different aircraft constructions he covers distances of up to Template:Convert.
    • The British Army forms a kiting section for the operation of man-lifting kites within the Royal Engineers.<ref name="kiting"/>
    • 31 July – Hiram Maxim launches an enormous biplane test rig with a wingspan of Template:Convert propelled by two steam engines. It lifts off and engages the restraining rails, which prevent it from leaving the track.<ref name=Hops />
    • November – Lawrence Hargrave demonstrates stable flight with a tethered box kite.
    • 4 December – German meteorologist and Aerologist Arthur Berson ascends to Template:Convert in a balloon, setting a new world altitude record for human flight.
  • 1895
  • 1896
    • 6 May – Samuel Pierpont Langley flies the unmanned Aerodrome No. 5 from a houseboat on the Potomac River a distance of Template:Convert, the first truly successful flight of one of his powered models.<ref>Gibbs-Smith 2003, p.80</ref>
    • June – Octave Chanute organises a flyer camp at Lake Michigan during which both a copy of one of Lilienthal's designs and a biplane built by Chanute are tested.<ref>Hallion 2003, p.175.</ref>
    • 9 August – Otto Lilienthal crashes after a stall caused by a gust, breaking his back. He dies the following day.<ref>Hallion 2003, p.161.</ref>
    • October – Ground testing of an all-aluminium airship designed by the Austro-Hungarian engineer David Schwarz and built by Carl Berg, begins in Berlin. Schwarz will die of a heart attack before seeing it fly.<ref>Phythyon, John R. Jr., Great War at Sea: Zeppelins, Virginia Beach, Virginia: Avalanche Press, Inc., 2007, pp. 5, 43.</ref>
    • November – Samuel Pierpont Langley flies the unmanned Aerodrome No. 6 a distance of Template:Convert.
    • Germans August von Parseval and Hans Bartsch von Sigsfeld invent the kite balloon for observations in strong winds.
    • William Paul Butusov, a Russian immigrant to U.S, with the Chanute group, construct the Albatross Soaring Machine which achieves an unmanned unpowered uncontrolled hop from a ramp.
    • William Frost, Welsh, flies the Frost Airship Glider 500 meters, possibly with balloon assist.
  • 1897
    • 11 June – Salomon Andrée, Nils Strindberg, and Knut Frænkel attempt an expedition to the North Pole by free balloon from Spitsbergen. They crash within three days but manage to survive for several months in the pack ice. Their remains are discovered in 1930 on White Island. It was possible to develop the preserved film material.<ref>Hallion 2003 p. 79</ref>
    • 12 June – Friedrich Hermann Wölfert and his mechanic are killed when their petrol-powered airship catches fire during a demonstration at the Tempelhof field.<ref>Robinson 1973 p. 3.</ref>
    • 14 October – Clément Ader later asserts that on this date he made a Template:Convert flight in his steam-powered uncontrolled Avion III also referred to as Aquilon or the Éole III. His claim is disputed. The French Army is not impressed and withdraws funding.
    • 3 November – The first flight in a rigid airship is made by Ernst Jägels, flying the all-aluminium craft designed by David Schwarz and built by Carl Berg. It reaches an altitude of Template:Convert, proving metal-framed airships can become airborne, but after an engine failure is damaged beyond repair in an emergency landing.<ref>Robinson 1973, pp.5-6.</ref>
    • Carl Rickard Nyberg starts working on his Flugan.
  • 1898
  • 1899
    • The Hague Convention of 1899 prohibits military aircraft from discharging projectiles and explosives, but permits the wartime use of aircraft for reconnaissance and other purposes.<ref>Whitehouse 1966, p. 32.</ref>
    • The Wright brothers begin experimenting with wing-warping as a means of controlling an aircraft.
    • Samuel Cody begins experiments with kites big enough to lift a person.
    • Percy Pilcher flies various gliders and is close to completing a powered machine but is killed when his glider crashes at Stanford Hall, England after a tail strut fails. Pilcher used a team of horses to pull the glider into the air.<ref>Lewis 1962, p.399.</ref>
    • 22 November – The first of three British Army observation balloon sections arrives in South Africa to take part in the Second Boer War. The war will see the first large-scale use of observation balloons by the British armed forces.<ref name="BoerWar">rafmuseum.org.uk The Boer War</ref>
    • 11 December – A British Army observation balloon section takes part in the Battle of Magersfontein during the Second Boer War.<ref name="BoerWar"/>
  • 1900
    • February – In the Second Boer War, a British Army observation balloon section takes part in the relief of Ladysmith.<ref name="BoerWar"/>
    • 2 July – Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin pilots his experimental first Zeppelin, LZ 1, over Lake Constance, reaching an altitude of Template:Convert with five men on board. Although the flight lasts only 18 minutes, covers only Template:Convert, and ends in an emergency landing on the lake, it is the first flight of a truly successful rigid airship.<ref>Cross, Wilbur, Zeppelins of World War I, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1991. Template:ISBN, pp. 1-4.</ref>
    • 12 September – The Wright brothers arrive at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, to begin their first season of glider experiments there.<ref>Crouch 1989, p. 186.</ref>
    • 3 October – Probably on this date, Wilbur Wright makes the Wright brothersTemplate:' first glider flight at Kitty Hawk. During their tests, they will fly the 1900 glider both as a glider and as a kite under various wind conditions.<ref>Crouch 1989, p. 189.</ref>
    • 17 October – On her second flight, the Zeppelin LZ 1 remains aloft for 80 minutes.<ref>Phythyon, John R., Jr., Great War at Sea: Zeppelins, Virginia Beach, Virginia: Avalanche Press, Inc., 2007, p. 5.</ref>
    • 23 October – The Wright brothers abandon their 1900 glider in a sand hollow and break camp at Kitty Hawk to return home to Dayton, Ohio.<ref>Crouch 1989, p. 199.</ref>
    • November – The British Army's observation balloon section's duty in the Second Boer War comes to an end. It is ordered home from South Africa because the Boers have switched to guerrilla tactics, making the balloons unsuitable for supporting British operations.<ref name="BoerWar"/>

BirthsEdit

NotesEdit

Template:Reflist

ReferencesEdit

  • Crouch, Tom, The Bishop's Boys: A Life of Wilbur and Orville Wright. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989.
  • Gibbs-Smith, C.H., Aviation. London: NMSI, 2003. Template:ISBN
  • Hallion, Richard P. Taking Flight, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Template:ISBN
  • Holmes, Richard, Falling Upwards. London: Collinis, 2014. Template:ISBN
  • Layman, R.D., Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849-1922, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989, Template:ISBN
  • Lewis, Peter British Aircraft 1809-1914, London: Putnam, 1962.
  • Robinson, Douglas H., Giants in the Sky, Henley-on Thames: Foulis, 1973. Template:ISBN
  • Whitehouse, Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966.

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