2G

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Use dmy dates Template:List of mobile phone generations 2G refers to the second-generation of cellular network technology, which were rolled out globally starting in the early 1990s. The main differentiator to previous mobile telephone systems, retrospectively dubbed 1G, is that the radio signals of 2G networks are digital rather than analog, for communication between mobile devices and base stations. In addition to voice telephony, 2G also made possible the use of data services.

The most common 2G technology has been the GSM standard, which became the first globally adopted framework for mobile communications. Other 2G technologies include cdmaOne and the now-discontinued Digital AMPS (D-AMPS/TDMA),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as well the Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) and Personal Handy-phone System (PHS) in Japan.

The transition to digital technology enabled the implementation of encryption for voice calls and data transmission, significantly improving the security of mobile communications while also increasing capacity and efficiency compared to earlier analog systems. 2G networks were primarily designed to support voice calls and Short Message Service (SMS), with later advancements such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enabling always-on packet data services, including email and limited internet access. 2G was succeeded by 3G technology, which provided higher data transfer rates and expanded mobile internet capabilities.

History

In 1990, AT&T Bell Labs engineers Jesse Russell, Farhad Barzegar and Can A. Eryaman filed a patent for a digital mobile phone that supports the transmission of digital data. Their patent was cited several years later by Nokia and Motorola when they were developing 2G digital mobile phones.<ref name=":27">Template:Cite patent</ref>

2G was first commercially launched in 1991 by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in Finland in the form of GSM, which was defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).<ref name="Radiolinja's History">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) defined the cdmaOne (IS-95) 2G standard, with an eight to ten fold increase in voice call capacity compared to analog AMPS.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first deployment of cdmaOne was in 1995.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In North America, Digital AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) and cdmaOne (IS-95) were dominant, but GSM was also used.

Later 2G releases in the GSM space, often referred to as 2.5G and 2.75G, include General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). GPRS allows 2G networks to achieve a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s). EDGE increases this capacity, providing a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).

Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their 1G predecessors were:

• Digitally encrypted phone conversations, at least between the mobile phone and the cellular base station but not necessarily in the rest of the network.
• Significantly more efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum enabling more users per frequency band.
• Data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages then expanding to Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS).

Evolution of GSM 2G

File:Cellular network standards and generation timeline.svg

Cellular network standards and generation timeline. (Large titles on the colored area refer to the lines to their right.

2.5G (GPRS)

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2.5G ("second-and-a-half generation") refers to 2G systems that incorporate a packet-switched domain alongside the existing circuit-switched domain, most commonly implemented through General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> GPRS enables packet-based data transmission by dynamically allocating multiple timeslots to users, improving network efficiency. However, this does not inherently provide faster speeds, as similar techniques, such as timeslot bundling, are also employed in circuit-switched data services like High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD). Within GPRS-enabled 2G systems, the theoretical maximum transfer rate is 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s).<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

2.75G (EDGE)

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2.75G refers to the evolution of GPRS networks into EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) networks, achieved through the introduction of 8PSK (8 Phase Shift Keying) encoding. While the symbol rate remained constant at 270.833 samples per second, the use of 8PSK allowed each symbol to carry three bits instead of one, significantly increasing data transmission efficiency. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology built as an extension to standard GSM. First deployed in 2003 by AT&T in the United States, EDGE offers a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

2.875G (EDGE Evolution)

Evolved EDGE (also known as EDGE Evolution or 2.875G) is an enhancement of the EDGE mobile technology that was introduced as a late-stage upgrade to 2G networks. While EDGE was first deployed in the early 2000s as part of GSM networks, Evolved EDGE was launched much later, coinciding with the widespread adoption of 3G technologies such as HSPA and just before the emergence of 4G networks. This timing limited its practical application.

Evolved EDGE increased data throughput and reduced latencies (down to 80 ms) by utilizing improved modulation techniques, dual carrier support, dual antennas, and turbo codes. It achieved peak data rates of up to 1 Mbit/s, significantly enhancing network efficiency for operators that had not yet transitioned to 3G or 4G infrastructures. However, despite its technical improvements, Evolved EDGE was never widely deployed. By the time it became available, most network operators were focused on implementing more advanced technologies like UMTS and LTE. As of 2016, no commercial networks were reported to support Evolved EDGE.

Phase-out

Template:See also 2G, understood as GSM and CdmaOne, has been superseded by newer technologies such as 3G (UMTS / CDMA2000), 4G (LTE / WiMAX) and 5G (5G NR). However, 2G networks were still available Template:As of in most parts of the world, while notably excluding the majority of carriers in North America, East Asia, and Australasia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Many modern LTE-enabled devices have the ability to fall back to 2G for phone calls, necessary especially in rural areas where later generations have not yet been implemented.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In some places, its successor 3G is being shut down rather than 2G – Vodafone previously announced that it had switched off 3G across Europe in 2020 but still retains 2G as a fallback service.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the US T-Mobile shut down their 3G services while retaining their 2G GSM network.<ref name="TM 2G">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="TM 3G Shutdown US">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Various carriers have made announcements that 2G technology in the United States, Japan, Australia, and other countries are in the process of being shut down, or have already shut down 2G services so that carriers can re-use the frequencies for newer technologies (e.g. 4G, 5G).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As a legacy protocol, 2G connectivity is considered insecure.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Specifically, there exist well known methods to attack weaknesses in GSM since 2009<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with practical use in crime.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Attack routes on 2G CdmaOne were found later and remain less publicized.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Android 12 and later provide a network setting to disable 2G connectivity for the device.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> iOS 16 and later can disable 2G connectivity by enabling Lockdown Mode.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Criticism

In some parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, 2G remains widely used for older feature phones and for internet of things (IoT) devices such as smart meters, eCall systems and vehicle trackers to avoid the high patent licensing cost of newer technologies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Terminating 2G services could leave vulnerable people who rely on 2G infrastructure unable to communicate even with emergency contacts, causing harm and possibly deaths.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Past 2G networks

Country	Status	Network	Shutdown date	Standard	Notes
Template:Flag		Ålcom	2025-02-03	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Digicel	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		FLOW	2024-04-22	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	Template:Fontcolour	APUA	2018-04-01	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Digicel	2024-05-31	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		FLOW	2024-07-31	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	partially unconfirmed	Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		SETAR	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	GSM-900 & GSM-1900
Template:Flag	Template:Fontcolour	Hutchison 3	2006-08-09	cdmaOne	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Optus	2017-08-01	GSM	2G shut down in WA and NT on 3 Apr 2017.<ref name="Optus AU">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Telstra	2008-04-28	cdmaOne	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Telstra	2016-12-01	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Vodafone	2018-06-14	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	Template:Fontcolour	Aliv	N/A	Template:Fontcolour
		BTC	2024-06-30	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="BTC BS 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="BTC BS 3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Batelco	2021-11-30	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	partially unconfirmed	Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		FLOW	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Flag		Orange	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Telenet	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Proximus	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Digicel	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		One	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	1900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 20 MHz LTE <ref name="SM Frequencies BM" />
Template:Flag	partially unconfirmed	Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
		FLOW	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Flag		CCT	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Digicel	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	1800 MHz: 15 MHz GSM 1900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 10 MHz UMTS <ref name="SM Frequencies VG" />
		FLOW	2024-04-22	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	Template:Fontcolour	UNN	2021-06-01	GSM	National Wholesale Network used by DSTCom, Progresif and imagine.<ref name="2G Shutdown BN 1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="2G Shutdown BN 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Bell	2019-04-30	cdmaOne	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Bell CA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Rogers Wireless	Template:Partial2	GSM	Template:Fontcolour 850 MHz remains active.<ref name="Rogers CA 1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Rogers CA 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Rogers CA 3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Rogers CA 4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		SaskTel	2017-07-31	cdmaOne	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Sasktel CA 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Telus Mobility	2017-05-31	cdmaOne	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Telus CA 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	partially unconfirmed	Digicel	2020-07-01	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Digicel KY 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		FLOW	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Flag		China Mobile	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		China Telecom	Template:Partial2	cdmaOne	Template:Fontcolour CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service also terminates.<ref name="SM Frequencies CN" /><ref name="CT CN 1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CT_CU CN" />
		China Unicom	Template:Partial2	GSM	Template:Fontcolour<ref name="SM Frequencies CN" /><ref name="CU CN 1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CU CN 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CT_CU CN">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CU CN 3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Country		Entel	Template:Partial2	GSM	Template:Fontcolour<ref name="Entel CL">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Claro	2023-02-23	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Claro CO 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Tigo	2022-11-01	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
		FLOW	2024-02-29	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="FLOW CW 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	partially unconfirmed	Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
		FLOW	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Bouygues	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Orange	Template:Partial2	GSM	<ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
		SFR	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Deutsche Telekom	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Vodafone	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Telefónica (O2)	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Flag	unconfirmed	Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
		FLOW	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Flag	unconfirmed	GTA Teleguam	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Flag		3	2008-11-20	cdmaOne	Shut down due to license expiry. Government originally did not allow the license to be renewed due to unpopularity, however the government later reversed the decision and held an auction for CDMA2000 service, which PCCW-HKT won the auction and provided CDMA2000 service immediately after 3's license expiry.
		3	2021-09-30	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		CMHK	Template:Fontcolour	GSM	1800 MHz only
		CSL	2005	D-AMPS	Service previously provided by Pacific Link, which subsequently merged into CSL. Shut down due to license expiry. Government did not allow the license to be renewed due to unpopularity.
		CSL	2017-10-31	cdmaOne	Service previously provided by PCCW. After acquisition of CSL by HKT, its mobile business PCCW Mobile was merged into CSL. No service for local customers, only served incoming roaming tourists. CSL terminated its CDMA family business upon its licence expiry, and CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated along with cdmaOne.<ref name="CSL CDMA HK">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		CSL	2024-11-08	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		SmarTone	2022-10-14	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Nova	2025-01-28	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Síminn	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Vodafone	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Hot Mobile	2019-12-31	iDEN	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
			Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	Template:Fontcolour	Digicel	2024-08-31	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="FLOW JM 2" />
		FLOW	2024-04-15	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="FLOW JM 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="FLOW JM 3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	Template:Fontcolour	au KDDI	2012-07-22	cdmaOne	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		NTT Docomo	2012-03-31	PDC	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Softbank	2010-03-31	PDC	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Umniah	2021-03-11	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Orange	Template:Partial2	GSM	<ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
Template:Flag	Template:Fontcolour	CTM	2019-08-01	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="MO 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="MO 3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		3	2019-08-01	GSM	Service for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.<ref name="MO 1" /><ref name="MO 2" />
		SmarTone	2019-08-01	GSM	Service for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.<ref name="MO 1" /><ref name="MO 2" />
Template:Flag		AT&T	2019-09-01	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2019.
		Movistar	2021-01-01	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	unconfirmed	Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
		FLOW	Template:Partial2	GSM
Template:Flag		KPN	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		T-Mobile	2021-06-01 / 2023-11-15 (IoT)	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		OPT-NC	Template:Partial2	GSM	Template:Fontcolour<ref name="OPT NC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		2degrees	2018-03-15	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Spark	2012-07-31	cdmaOne	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Spark NZ 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Telenor	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Telia	Template:Partial2	GSM	<ref name="2G SWO NO" />
Template:Flag		Digicel	2022-06-30	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Digicel PA 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Digicel PA 3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Digicel PA 4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Bitel	N/A	Template:Fontcolour
Template:Flag		Orange	Template:Partial2	GSM	<ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
Template:Flag		Orange	Template:Partial2	GSM	<ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
Template:Flag		Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
		FLOW	2024-04-22	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	partially unconfirmed	Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
		FLOW	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM
		FLOW	2023-09-30	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="FLOW VC 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="FLOW VC 3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="FLOW VC 4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	Template:Fontcolour	M1	2017-04-18	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Singtel	2017-04-18	GSM	<ref name="2G Shutdown SG" />
		StarHub	2017-04-18	GSM	<ref name="2G Shutdown SG" />
Template:Flag Template:Flag Template:Flag	Template:Fontcolour	TelCell	2019-01-01	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		FLOW (UTS)	2017-09-26	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Orange	Template:Partial2	GSM	<ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
Template:Flag			Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="2G_3G Shutdown SA 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	Template:Fontcolour	KT	2012-03-19	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.<ref name="KT SK">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		LG Uplus	2021-06-30	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service has also terminated.<ref name="LGU+ SK">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		SK Telecom	2020-07-27	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.<ref name="SKT JP">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Orange	Template:Partial2	GSM	<ref name="2G Shutdown Europe" />
Template:Flag		Net4Mobility (Telenor/Tele2)	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Telia	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	Template:Fontcolour	Salt	2020-12-31	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Salt CH 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Salt CH 3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Sunrise	2023-01-03	GSM	With the introduction of S-RAN in 2018 phaseout was previously postponed to 2022.<ref name="Sunrise CH 1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Sunrise CH 02">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Sunrise CH 3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Swisscom	2021-04-07	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="SC CH 02">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="SC CH 03">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	Template:Fontcolour	Chunghwa Telecom	2017-06-30	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		FarEasTone	2017-06-30	GSM	<ref name="TW" />
		Taiwan Mobile	2017-06-30	GSM	<ref name="TW" />
Template:Flag		Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Digicel TT 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Digicel TT 3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		bmobile (TSTT)	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="bmobile TT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Digicel	Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		FLOW	2024-04-22	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	Template:Fontcolour	Du	2023-12-31	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Etisalat	2023-12-31	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag			Template:Partial2	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Ofcom UK">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Gov UK">Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Flag Template:Flag		AT&T	2008-02-18	D-AMPS	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
			2017-01-01	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Cellcom (US only)	2023-12-01	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.<ref name="Cellcom US">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Claro (PR only)	Template:Partial2	GSM
		Commnet Wireless (Choice) (US only)	2022-12-31	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Copper Valley Wireless	2022-09-30	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Edge Wireless	2007-06-30	D-AMPS	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		T-Mobile	Template:Partial2	GSM	Template:Fontcolor<ref name="TMUS US 1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="TMUS US 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		T-Mobile (Sprint)	2022-05-31	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated. Shutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.<ref name="TM CDMA Shutdown US 1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="TM Shutdown Timeline 2G_3G US">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="TM CDMA Shutdown US 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="TM CDMA Shutdown US 3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		UScellular (US only)	2009-02	D-AMPS	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		UScellular (US only)	2024-01-14	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.<ref name="USC US 1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="USC US 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Verizon (US only)	2022-12-31	cdmaOne	CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.<ref name="Verizon US">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag		Digitel	2024-03-08	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Digitel VE">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Movilnet	Template:Partial2	GSM	<ref name="2G Shutdown VE" />
		Movistar	Template:Partial2	GSM	Template:Fontcolour<ref name="2G Shutdown VE" />
Template:Flag	Template:Fontcolour	Gmobile	2024-10-16	GSM	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Mobifone	2024-10-16	GSM	per government regulation<ref name="2G Shutdown VN" />
		Vietnamobile	N/A	Template:Fontcolour
		Viettel	2024-10-16	GSM	per government regulation<ref name="2G Shutdown VN" />
		Vinaphone	2024-10-16	GSM	per government regulation<ref name="2G Shutdown VN" />

See also

• Cliff effect
• Dropout
• List of mobile phone generations
• Mobile radio telephone, also known as 0G
• 1G
• 3G
• 4G
• 5G
• 6G
• Wireless device radiation and health