Template:Short description Template:Row hover highlight Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox election Template:UK general election navigation The 2001 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 7 June 2001, four years after the previous election on 1 May 1997, to elect 659 members to the House of Commons. The governing Labour Party led by Prime Minister Tony Blair was re-elected to serve a second term in government with another landslide victory with a 166-seat majority, returning 412 members of Parliament versus 418 from the previous election, a net loss of six seats, although with a significantly lower turnout than before—59.4%, compared to 71.6% at the previous election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The number of votes Labour received fell by nearly three million. Blair went on to become the only Labour prime minister to serve two consecutive full terms in office. As Labour retained almost all of their seats won in the 1997 landslide victory, the media dubbed the 2001 election "the quiet landslide".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> There was little change outside Northern Ireland, with 620 out of the 641 seats in Great Britain electing candidates from the same party as they did in 1997. A strong economy contributed to the Labour victory.
The opposition Conservative Party under William Hague's leadership was still deeply divided on the issue of Europe and the party's policy platform had drifted considerably to the right. The party put the issue of European monetary union, in particular the prospect of the UK joining the Eurozone, at the centre of its campaign but failed to resonate with the electorate. The Conservatives briefly had a narrow lead in the polls during the 2000 fuel strikes but Labour successfully resolved them by year end. Furthermore, a series of publicity stunts that backfired also harmed Hague, and he immediately announced his resignation as party leader when the election result was clear, formally stepping down three months later, therefore becoming the first leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Commons since Austen Chamberlain nearly eighty years prior not to serve as prime minister.
The election was largely a repeat of the 1997 general election, with Labour losing only six seats overall and the Conservatives making a net gain of one seat (gaining nine seats but losing eight). The Conservatives gained a seat in Scotland, which ended the party's status as an "England-only" party in the prior parliament, but failed again to win any seats in Wales. Although they did not gain many seats, three of the few new MPs elected were future Conservative Prime Ministers David Cameron and Boris Johnson and future Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne; Osborne would serve in the same Cabinet as Cameron from 2010 to 2016. The Liberal Democrats led by Charles Kennedy made a net gain of six seats.
Change was seen in Northern Ireland, with the moderate unionist Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) losing four seats to the more hardline Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). A similar transition appeared in the nationalist community, with the moderate Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) losing votes to the more staunchly republican and abstentionist Sinn Féin.
Exceptionally low voter turnout, which fell below 60% for the first time since 1918, also marked this election.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The election was broadcast live on BBC One and presented by David Dimbleby, Jeremy Paxman, Andrew Marr, Peter Snow, and Tony King.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref> The 2001 general election was notable for being the first in which pictures of the party logos appeared on the ballot paper. Prior to this, the ballot paper had only displayed the candidate's name, address, and party name.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Failed verification
Notable departing MPs included former Prime Ministers Edward Heath (also Father of the House) and John Major, former Deputy Prime Minister Michael Heseltine, former Liberal Democrat leader Paddy Ashdown, former Cabinet ministers Tony Benn, Tom King, John Morris, Mo Mowlam, John MacGregor and Peter Brooke, Teresa Gorman, and then Mayor of London Ken Livingstone.
BackgroundEdit
The elections were marked by voter apathy, with turnout falling to 59.4%, the lowest (and first under 70%) since the Coupon Election of 1918. Throughout the election the Labour Party had maintained a significant lead in the opinion polls and the result was deemed to be so certain that some bookmakers paid out for a Labour majority before election day. However, the opinion polls the previous autumn had shown the first Tory lead (though only by a narrow margin) in the opinion polls for eight years as they benefited from the public anger towards the government over the fuel protests which had led to a severe shortage of motor fuel.
By the end of 2000, however, the dispute had been resolved and Labour were firmly back in the lead of the opinion polls.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In total, a mere 29 parliamentary seats changed hands at the 2001 Election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
2001 also saw the rare election of an independent. Richard Taylor of Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern (usually now known simply as "Health Concern") unseated a government MP, David Lock, in Wyre Forest. There was also a high vote for British National Party leader Nick Griffin in Oldham West and Royton, in the wake of recent race riots in the town of Oldham.
In Northern Ireland, the election was far more dramatic and marked a move by unionists away from support for the Good Friday Agreement, with the moderate unionist Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) losing to the more hardline Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). This polarisation was also seen in the nationalist community, with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) vote losing out to more left-wing and republican Sinn Féin. It also saw a tightening of the parties as the small UK Unionist Party lost its only seat.
CampaignEdit
The election had been expected on 3 May, to coincide with local elections, but on 2 April 2001, the local elections were postponed to 7 June because of rural movement restrictions imposed in response to the foot-and-mouth outbreak that had started in February.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 8 May, Prime Minister Tony Blair announced that the general election would be held on the 7 June as expected, on the same day as the local elections.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> Blair made the announcement in a speech at St Saviour's and St Olave's Church of England School in Bermondsey, London rather than on the steps of Downing Street.<ref name=":0" />
For Labour, the last four years had run relatively smoothly.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The party had successfully defended all their by election seats, and many suspected a Labour win was inevitable from the start.
Many in the party, however, were afraid of voter apathy, which was epitomised in a poster of "Hague with Margaret Thatcher's hair", captioned "Get out and vote. Or they get in."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite recessions in mainland Europe and the United States, due to the bursting of global tech bubbles, Britain was notably unaffected and Labour however could rely on a strong economy as unemployment continued to decline toward election day, putting to rest any fears of a Labour government putting the economic situation at risk.
For William Hague, however, the Conservative Party had still not fully recovered from the loss in 1997. The party was still divided over Europe, and talk of a referendum on joining the Eurozone was rife, and as a result "Save The Pound" was one of the key slogans deployed in the Conservatives' campaign. As Labour remained at the political centre, the Conservatives moved to the right. A policy gaffe by Oliver Letwin over public spending cuts left the party with an own goal that Labour soon exploited.
Thatcher gave a speech to the Conservative Election Rally in Plymouth on 22 May 2001, calling New Labour "rootless, empty, and artificial." She also added to Hague's troubles when speaking out strongly against the Euro to applause. Hague himself, although a witty performer at Prime Minister's Questions, was dogged in the press and reminded of his speech, given at the age of 16, at the 1977 Conservative Conference. The Sun newspaper only added to the Conservatives' woes by backing Labour for a second consecutive election, calling Hague a "dead parrot" during the Conservative Party's conference in October 1998.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
The Conservatives campaigned on a strongly right-wing platform, emphasising the issues of Europe, immigration and tax, the fabled "Tebbit Trinity". They also released a poster showing a heavily pregnant Tony Blair, stating "Four years of Labour and he still hasn't delivered".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, Labour countered by asking where the proposed tax cuts were going to come from, and decried the Tory policy as "cut here, cut there, cut everywhere", in reference to the widespread belief that the Conservatives would make major cuts to public services in order to fund tax cuts. Labour also capitalised on the strong economic conditions of the time, and another major line of attack (primarily directed towards Michael Portillo, now Shadow Chancellor after returning to Parliament via a by-election) was to warn of a return to "Tory Boom and Bust" under a Conservative administration.
Charles Kennedy contested his first election as leader of the Liberal Democrats.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
During the election Sharron Storer, a resident of Birmingham, criticised Prime Minister Tony Blair in front of television cameras about conditions in the National Health Service. The widely televised incident happened on 16 May during a campaign visit by Blair to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham. Sharron Storer's partner, Keith Sedgewick, a cancer patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and therefore highly susceptible to infection, was being treated at the time in the bone marrow unit, but no bed could be found for him and he was transferred to the casualty unit for his first 24 hours.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On the evening of the same day Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott punched a protestor after being hit by an egg on his way to an election rally in Rhyl, North Wales.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
EndorsementsEdit
- Labour received endorsements from The Sun, The Times, and The Daily Express (The Express for the first time in its history),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Daily Mirror, The Financial Times, The Economist, and The Guardian.<ref name = Chu>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name = "databacking">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- The Independent endorsed Labour and the Liberal Democrats.<ref name = "databacking" />
- The Conservatives were endorsed by the Daily Mail and The Daily Telegraph.<ref name = Chu/>
Opinion pollingEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:UK general election opinion polling
ResultsEdit
The election result was effectively a repeat of 1997, as the Labour Party retained an overwhelming majority, with the BBC announcing the victory at 02:58 on the early morning of 8 June. Having presided over relatively serene political, economic and social conditions, the feeling of prosperity in the United Kingdom had been maintained into the new millennium, and Labour would have a free hand to assert its ideals in the subsequent parliament. Despite the victory, voter apathy was a major issue, as turnout fell below 60%, 12 percentage points down on 1997. All three of the main parties saw their total votes fall, with Labour's total vote dropping by 2.8 million on 1997, the Conservatives 1.3 million, and the Liberal Democrats 428,000. Some suggested this dramatic fall was a sign of the general acceptance of the status quo and the likelihood of Labour's majority remaining unassailable.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
For the Conservatives, the huge loss they had sustained in 1997 was repeated. Despite gaining nine seats, they lost seven to the Liberal Democrats, and one even to Labour (South Dorset). William Hague was quick to announce his resignation, doing so at 07:44 outside the Conservative Party headquarters. Some believed that Hague had been unlucky; although most considered him to be a talented orator and an intelligent statesman, he had come up against the charismatic Tony Blair in the peak of his political career, and it was no surprise that little progress was made in reducing Labour's majority after a relatively smooth parliament.
Staying at what they considered rock bottom, however, showed that the Conservatives had failed to improve their negative public image, had remained somewhat disunited over Europe, and had not regained the trust that they had lost in the 1990s. Hague's focus on the "Save The Pound" campaign narrative had failed to gain any traction; Labour's successful countertactic was to be repeatedly vague over the issue of future monetary union – and said that the UK would only consider joining the Eurozone "when conditions were right". But in Scotland, despite flipping one seat from the Scottish National Party, their vote collapse continued. They failed to retake former strongholds in Scotland as the Nationalists consolidated their grip on the Northeastern portion of the country.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Liberal Democrats could point to steady progress under their new leader, Charles Kennedy, gaining more seats than the main two parties—albeit only six overall—and maintaining the performance of a pleasing 1997 election, where the party had doubled its number of seats from 20 to 46. While they had yet to become electable as a government, they underlined their growing reputation as a worthwhile alternative to Labour and Conservative, offering plenty of debate in Parliament and representing more than a mere protest vote.Template:Citation needed
The SNP failed to gain any new seats and lost a seat to the Conservatives by just 79 votes. In Wales, Plaid Cymru both gained a seat from Labour and lost one to them.
In Northern Ireland the Ulster Unionists, despite gaining North Down, lost five other seats.
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| Government's new majority | 165 |
| Total votes cast | 26,367,383 |
| Turnout | 59.4% |
<section end="UK General Election 2001"/> All parties with more than 500 votes shown.
The seat gains reflect changes on the 1997 general election result. Two seats had changed hands in by-elections in the intervening period. These were as follows:
- Romsey from Conservative to Liberal Democrats. The Liberal Democrats held this seat in 2001.
- South Antrim from Ulster Unionists to Democratic Unionists. The Ulster Unionists won this seat back in 2001.
The results of the election give a Gallagher index of dis-proportionality of 17.74. Template:Bar box Template:Bar box
Results by constituent countryEdit
| LAB | CON | LD | SNP | PC | NI parties | Others | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| England | 323 | 165 | 40 | – | – | – | 1 | 529 |
| Wales | 34 | – | 2 | – | 4 | – | – | 40 |
| Scotland | 56 | 1 | 10 | 5 | – | – | – | 72 |
| Northern Ireland | – | – | – | – | – | 18 | – | 18 |
| Total | 413 | 166 | 52 | 5 | 4 | 18 | 1 | 659 |
Seats changing handsEdit
MPs who lost their seatsEdit
Voter DemographicsEdit
MORI interviewed 18,657 adults in Great Britain after the election which suggested the following demographic breakdown...<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| The 2001 UK general election vote in Great Britain (in per cent) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social Group | Lab | Con | Lib Dem | Others | Lead | Turnout |
| data-sort-type="number" style="background:Template:Party color;"| | data-sort-type="number" style="background:Template:Party color;"| | data-sort-type="number" style="background:Template:Party color;"| | ||||
| Total | 42 | 33 | 19 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|9 | 59 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Men | 42 | 32 | 18 | 8 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|10 | 61 |
| Women | 42 | 33 | 19 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|9 | 58 |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–24 | 41 | 27 | 24 | 8 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|14 | 39 |
| 25–34 | 51 | 24 | 19 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|27 | 46 |
| 35–44 | 45 | 28 | 19 | 8 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|17 | 59 |
| 45–54 | 41 | 32 | 20 | 7 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|9 | 65 |
| 55–64 | 37 | 39 | 17 | 7 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|2 | 69 |
| 65+ | 39 | 40 | 17 | 4 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|1 | 70 |
| Social class | ||||||
| AB | 30 | 39 | 25 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|9 | 68 |
| C1 | 38 | 36 | 20 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|2 | 60 |
| C2 | 49 | 29 | 15 | 7 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|20 | 56 |
| DE | 55 | 24 | 13 | 8 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|31 | 53 |
| Work status | ||||||
| Full time | 43 | 30 | 20 | 7 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|13 | 57 |
| Part time | 43 | 29 | 21 | 7 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|14 | 56 |
| Not working | 41 | 36 | 18 | 5 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|5 | 63 |
| Unemployed | 54 | 23 | 11 | 12 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|31 | 44 |
| Self-employed | 32 | 39 | 18 | 11 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|7 | 60 |
| Housing tenure | ||||||
| Owner | 32 | 43 | 19 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|11 | 68 |
| Mortgage | 42 | 31 | 20 | 7 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|11 | 59 |
| Council/HA | 60 | 18 | 14 | 8 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|42 | 52 |
| Private rent | 40 | 28 | 25 | 7 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|12 | 46 |
| Men by age | ||||||
| 18–24 | 38 | 29 | 26 | 7 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|9 | 43 |
| 25–34 | 52 | 24 | 19 | 5 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|28 | 47 |
| 35–54 | 43 | 29 | 19 | 9 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|14 | 64 |
| 55+ | 39 | 39 | 16 | 6 | Tie | 73 |
| Men by social class | ||||||
| AB | 31 | 38 | 25 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|7 | 68 |
| C1 | 39 | 36 | 14 | 11 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|3 | 62 |
| C2 | 49 | 28 | 14 | 9 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|21 | 56 |
| DE | 55 | 23 | 14 | 8 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|32 | 56 |
| Women by age | ||||||
| 18–24 | 45 | 24 | 23 | 8 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|21 | 36 |
| 25–34 | 49 | 25 | 19 | 7 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|24 | 46 |
| 35–54 | 43 | 31 | 20 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|12 | 60 |
| 55+ | 38 | 40 | 18 | 4 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|2 | 67 |
| Women by social class | ||||||
| AB | 28 | 41 | 26 | 5 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|13 | 68 |
| C1 | 37 | 37 | 20 | 6 | Tie | 59 |
| C2 | 48 | 30 | 17 | 5 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|18 | 56 |
| DE | 56 | 25 | 13 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|31 | 50 |
| Readership | ||||||
| Daily Express | 33 | 43 | 19 | 5 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|10 | 63 |
| Daily Mail | 24 | 55 | 17 | 4 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|31 | 65 |
| The Mirror | 71 | 11 | 13 | 5 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|58 | 62 |
| Daily Record | 59 | 8 | 10 | 23 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|36 | 57 |
| Daily Telegraph | 16 | 65 | 14 | 5 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|49 | 71 |
| Financial Times | 30 | 48 | 21 | 1 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|18 | 64 |
| The Guardian | 52 | 6 | 34 | 8 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|18 | 68 |
| The Independent | 38 | 12 | 44 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;"|6 | 69 |
| Daily Star | 56 | 21 | 17 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|35 | 48 |
| The Sun | 52 | 29 | 11 | 8 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|23 | 50 |
| The Times | 28 | 40 | 26 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|12 | 66 |
| No daily paper | 45 | 27 | 22 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|18 | 56 |
| Evening Standard | 42 | 29 | 21 | 8 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|13 | 51 |
| Sunday Readership | ||||||
| News of World | 55 | 27 | 12 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|28 | 52 |
| Sunday Express | 29 | 47 | 20 | 4 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|18 | 67 |
| Sunday Mail | 53 | 14 | 13 | 20 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|33 | 59 |
| Sunday Mirror | 72 | 16 | 9 | 3 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|56 | 62 |
| Sunday Post | 43 | 22 | 18 | 17 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|21 | 64 |
| Sunday Telegraph | 17 | 63 | 13 | 7 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|46 | 71 |
| Mail on Sunday | 25 | 53 | 17 | 5 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|28 | 65 |
| The Observer | 53 | 4 | 34 | 9 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|19 | 71 |
| Sunday People | 65 | 19 | 13 | 3 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|46 | 60 |
| Sunday Times | 29 | 40 | 24 | 7 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|11 | 67 |
| Independent on Sunday | 47 | 10 | 37 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|10 | 70 |
| No Sunday paper | 42 | 30 | 22 | 6 | style="background:Template:Party color;color:#FFFFFF;"|12 | 55 |
See alsoEdit
- List of MPs elected in the 2001 United Kingdom general election
- Results of the 2001 United Kingdom general election
- List of MPs for constituencies in Wales (2001–2005)
- List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland (2001–2005)
- 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak
- 2001 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland
- 2001 United Kingdom general election in England
- 2001 United Kingdom general election in Scotland
- 2001 United Kingdom general election in Wales
- 2001 United Kingdom local elections
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Butler, David and Dennis Kavanagh. The British General Election of 2001 (2002), the standard scholarly study
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
External linksEdit
- BBC News: Vote 2001 – in depth coverage.
- Catalogue of 2001 general election ephemera at the Archives Division of the London School of Economics.
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