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7Q5

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File:7Q5.jpg
Fragment 5 from Cave 7 of the Qumran Community in its entirety

Among the Dead Sea Scrolls, 7Q5 is the designation for a small Greek papyrus fragment discovered in Qumran Cave 7. It contains about 18 legible or partially legible Greek letters and was published in 1962 as an unidentified text. The editor assigned the fragment to a date between 50 BCE and 50 CE on the basis of its handwriting.<ref name="M. Baillet, J.T. Milik 1962">M. Baillet, J.T. Milik, and R. de Vaux (eds.), Les 'petites grottes' de Qumrân (Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan III; Oxford: Clarendon, 1962), 144.</ref> In 1972, the Spanish papyrologist Jose O'Callaghan argued that the papyrus was in fact a fragment of the Gospel of Mark, chapter 6, verses 52 and 53. While some New Testament textual scholars have been unpersuaded by this argument, a vocal minority continue to support the identification of the fragment as a part of the Gospel of Mark.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Gundry (1999), p.698. Carlo Maria Martini, S.J., Archbishop of Milan and part of the five-member team which edited the definitive modern edition of the Greek New Testament for the United Bible Societies agreed with O'Callaghan's identification and assertions.</ref> Scholars who disagree with the 7Q5 identification who presented papers (Harald Risesenfeld, C. Martini, Camilie Focant, Stuart Pickering and Rosalie Cook). Some high profile papyrologists have given statements to support the identification of 7Q5 as Mark 6.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=_ak3KqUEdNYC&pg=PA40&dq=eichstatt+7q5+symposium&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjPtrbx9eGMAxWBjYkEHfDtCgMQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=eichstatt%207q5%20symposium&f=false</ref> This includes Orsolina Montevecchi,<ref> https://books.google.com/books?id=ddGLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32&dq=orsolina+montevecchi+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGuIjSjeKMAxVil4kEHaDnGpkQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=orsolina%20montevecchi%207q5&f=false </ref> President (later honorary president) of International Papyrological Association, Sergio Daris Honorary President of the Papyrological Association,<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-VsPAQAAMAAJ&q=s+daris+7q5&dq=s+daris+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjIn9LdheSMAxUMJNAFHWmWGzUQ6AF6BAgFEAM#daris%20thought</ref> Heikki Koskenniemi<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqR6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=%C2%A0koskenniemi+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi72cG6h-SMAxXCOjQIHdFgO8kQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=%C2%A0koskenniemi%207q5&f=false</ref> and Herbert Hunger.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqR6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=7q5+heikki&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6kLSM9-GMAxVprIkEHWw9BJYQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=7q5%20heikki&f=false</ref><ref> https://books.google.com/books?id=nnFXAAAAYAAJ&q=orsolina+montevecchi+7q5&dq=orsolina+montevecchi+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV-fz9jeKMAxWHCnkGHSVVBx44ChDoAXoECAUQAw#orsolina%20montevecchi%207q5</ref><ref> https://books.google.com/books?id=_ak3KqUEdNYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=orsolina+montevecchi+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTp5OljuKMAxWtv4kEHbogKMc4FBDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q=orsolina%20montevecchi&f=false</ref>

O'Callaghan's proposed identificationEdit

O'Callaghan challenged the reading of the original edition of the fragment, largely because he misunderstood the original editor's use of an iota subscript in line 2 of the fragment.<ref>Brent Nongbri, "The Strange 'nu' Story of 7Q5," Variant Readings (March 19, 2022) https://brentnongbri.com/2022/03/19/the-strange-nu-story-of-7q5/: "It’s not the case that O’Callaghan judged the editors’ omega–iota-space-alpha sequence to be a bad reading in need of improvement. Rather, he appears to have failed to understand that Baillet and Boismard rendered the script ⲱⲓ (omega–iota) by means of a printed ῳ employing the iota subscript. O'Callaghan took the printed ῳ to represent just one letter–ⲱ–and then believed the editors had misconstrued the following vertical line ("el palo vertical") as part of an alpha." Nongbri cites as the source of this observation Stuart R. Pickering and Rosalie R.E. Cook, Has a Fragment of the Gospel of Mark Been Found at Qumran? (Sydney: Macquarie University Ancient History Documentary Research Centre, 1989).</ref> The Greek text below shows O'Callaghan's reconstruction with bold font representing proposed identifications with characters from 7Q5:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Col-begin Template:Col-2

ου γαρ

συνηκαν επι τοις αρτοις,
αλλ ην αυτων η καρδια πεπωρω-
μενη. και διαπερασαντες [επι την γην]
ηλθον εις γεννησαρετ και
προσωρμισθησαν. και εξελ-
θοντων αυτων εκ του πλοιου ευθυς

επιγνοντες αυτον.

Template:Col-2

hou gar

synēkan epi tois artois,
all ēn autōn ē kardia pepōrō-
menē. kai diaperasantes [epi tēn gēn]
ēlthon eis gennēsaret kai
prosōrmisthēsan. kai exel-
thontōn autōn ek tou ploiou euthys

epignontes auton.

Template:Col-end

Template:Col-begin Template:Col-2 <poem> Proposed reconstruction:

for they did not understand concerning the loaves but was their heart harden- ed. And crossing over [unto the land] they came unto Gennesaret and drew to the shore. And com- ing forth out of the boat immediately they recognized him. </poem> Template:Col-2 <poem> Mark chapter 6 verses 52-53 (New Revised Standard Version):

(52) For they did not understand about the loaves, but their hearts were hardened. (53) When they had crossed over, they came to land at Gennesaret and moored the boat. </poem> Template:Col-end

ArgumentEdit

File:Cave7Q.JPG
The 7th Cave at Qumran, where 7Q5 was found.

O'Callaghan's argument is as follows:

  1. According to O'Callaghan, in line 2 "after the ⲱ, the ⲁ suggested by the editors seems inadmissible. The traces of the facsimile are too uncertain to allow a satisfactory reading, even though one comes to discover the left vertical stroke and the peculiar descending contour of a ⲛ similar to that of line 4."<ref>Brent Nongbri, "The Strange 'nu' Story of 7Q5," Variant Readings (March 19, 2022) https://brentnongbri.com/2022/03/19/the-strange-nu-story-of-7q5/.</ref> By reading a nu after the omega, O'Callaghan was able to reconstruct the words [α]υτων η [καρδια], which could be matched with a passage in Mark's gospel.
  2. O'Callaghan pointed out that the combination of letters ννησ <nnēs> in line 4 may be part of the word Γεννησαρετ <Gennēsaret>.
  3. O'Callaghan argued that the spacing before the word και <kai> ("and") suggests a paragraph break, which is consistent with the normative layout for Mark 6:52-53.
  4. Furthermore, a computer search "using the most elaborate Greek texts ... has failed to yield any text other than Mark 6:52-53 for the combination of letters identified by O'Callaghan et al. in 7Q5".<ref>Thiede n. 31, pp. 40-41</ref>

Some New Testament scholars <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqR6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=%C2%A0koskenniemi+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicxar7hOeMAxWZhIkEHdjTJv4Q6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=%C2%A0koskenniemi%207q5&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ddGLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32&dq=orsolina+montevecchi+7q5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGuIjSjeKMAxVil4kEHaDnGpkQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=orsolina%20montevecchi%207q5&f=false</ref> have rejected O'Callaghan's arguments include the following:

  • Several of the letters read or reconstructed by O'Callaghan are highly debatable to them (especially the nu in line 2).<ref>Robert H. Gundry, "No NU in Line 2 of 7Q5: A Final Disidentification of 7Q5 With Mark 6:52-53," Journal of Biblical Literature 118 (4): 698–707. doi:10.2307/3268112.</ref>
  • The spacing before the word και <kai> ("and") proposed as a paragraph break may not be indicative of anything.
  • In papyri spacings of this width can be also found within words (Pap. Bodmer XXIV, plate 26; in Qumran in fragment 4Q122).
  • Other examples in the Qumran texts show that the word και <kai> ("and") usually was separated with spacings – and this has nothing to do with the text's structure (as proposed by O'Callaghan).
  • The sequence ννησ can be also found in the word εγεννησεν <egennēsen> ("begot"), a very common word used in biblical genealogies and the reconstruction suggested by the original editor.<ref name="M. Baillet, J.T. Milik 1962"/>

Papyrologist Carsten Peter Thiede responded to the objections of Daniel B. Wallace and other scholars that they commit “a kind of fallacy of analogy that no papyrologist would commit.”<ref>https://www.galaxie.com/article/wtj57-2-12</ref> Thiede continued in the prestigious Westminster Journal that “is it really too much to expect that in a paper published in 1994, the detailed analysis by the great papyrologist Herbert Hunger of Vienna, Austria, published in 1992, in favor of Mark 6:52-53 and already answering the objections raised by Wallace- should have been noticed.”<ref>https://www.galaxie.com/article/wtj57-2-12</ref>

Further counterarguments

There are numerous texts with the d to t shift including text dated 42CE, papyrus 66, papyrus 4, papyrus 75 as recorded in Papiros neotestamentarios en la cueva 7 de Qumrân? ("New Testament Papyri in Cave 7 at Qumran?")<ref>Biblica 53 (1972) 91-100. Translated into English by W. L. Holladay in Journal of Biblical Literature 91 (1972) supplement no. 2.</ref>

Anachronism found in Mark's Gospel

Argument for an earlier date

SignificanceEdit

If 7Q5 was actually a fragment of Template:Bibleref and was deposited in the cave at Qumran by 68 AD, it would become the earliest known fragment of the New Testament, predating P52 by at least some if not many decades. Yet, since the amount of text in the manuscript is so small, even a confirmation of 7Q5 as Markan "might mean nothing more than that the contents of these few verses were already formalized, not necessarily that there was a manuscript of Mark's Gospel on hand".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Since the entirety of the find in Cave 7 consists of fragments in Greek, it is possible that the contents of this cave are of a separate "Hellenized" library than the Hebrew texts found in the other caves.

Sunday April 12th, 1992 7q5 was examined forensically in the Investigations Department of the Israel National Police. The investigation was carried out by Chief Inspector Sharon Landau in the presence of Dr Joseph Almog, the Director of the Israel Division of Identification and Forensic Science and Curator Joseph Zias. The decisive parts of the analysis were “recorded by a TV team from the Bavarian Television Company, ARD.”<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> From the examination of line 2 of fragment 7Q5 under the stereo microscope, Thiede believed he saw the diagonal middle stroke of a NU, "as demanded by the identification of 7Q5 as Mark 6:52-53”<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Yet, another examination by Stephen Pfann using the Rokefeller Museum's Olympus SZ4045 Zoom Stereo Microscope with an Olympus Cold Light Illuminator 3000 detected no traces of the alleged diagonal and instead concluded that the original editors were correct in reading an iota: "The iota is absolutely an iota."<ref>Robert H. Gundry, "No NU in Line 2 of 7Q5: A Final Disidentification of 7Q5 With Mark 6:52-53," Journal of Biblical Literature 118 (4): 698–707. doi:10.2307/3268112.</ref> Computer print outs of the letter “NU” as well as other letters of 7Q5 corroborated it as Mark’s Gospel were made by the use of stereo microscope in the independent Department of Investigations at the Israel National Police office. The computer print outs were added the appendix of the book Eichstatt symposium on Qumran along with majority of scholarly essays corroborating 7Q5 as Gospel of Mark<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=_ak3KqUEdNYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=7q5+israel+1992+microscope+NU&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTuMb57uSMAxWnjIkEHfkTIwYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=1992&f=false</ref><ref>https://www.academia.edu/121198113/Christen_und_Christliches_in_Qumran_edited_by_Bernhard_Mayer_Eichst%C3%A4tter_Studien_NF_32_Regensburg_Verlag_Friedrich_Pustet_1992_Pp_268_43_plates_DM_88_00_ISBN_3_7917_1346_9</ref>

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

Template:Reflist

ReferencesEdit

Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

Template:Sister project

Template:Gospel of Mark Template:Dead Sea Scrolls Template:Authority control

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