9969 Braille

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate | class = vcard | titleclass = fn org | title = 9969 Braille | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=PIA01345.jpg|upright={{#if:||1.1}}|alt=}} | caption = Braille imaged by Deep Space 1 in 1999 | headerstyle = {{#if:#FA8072|background-color:#FA8072|background-color:#E0CCFF}} | labelstyle = max-width:{{#if:||11em}}; | autoheaders = y

| header1 = Discovery <ref name="jpldata" />

| header10 = {{#if:|Designations|Designations}}

| header20 = Orbital characteristics{{#ifeq:|yes| (barycentric)}} <ref name="jpldata" />

| data21 = | data22 = {{#if:4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) |Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)}} | data23 = {{#if:0 | Uncertainty parameter 0}} | label24 = Observation arc | data24 = 24.93 yr (9,107 days) | label25 = Earliest precovery date | data25 = | label26 = {{#switch:{{{apsis}}} |apsis|gee|barion|center|centre|(apsis)=Apo{{{apsis}}} |Ap{{#if:|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}}} | data26 = 3.3557 AU | label27 = Peri{{#if:|{{{apsis}}}|helion}} | data27 = 1.3263 AU | label28 = Peri{{#if:|{{{apsis}}}|apsis}} | data28 = | label29 = {{#switch:{{{apsis}}} |helion|astron=Ap{{{apsis}}} |Apo{{#if:|{{{apsis}}}|apsis}}}} | data29 = | label30 = Periastron | data30 = | label31 = Apoastron | data31 = | label32 = Template:Longitem | data32 = 2.3410 AU | label33 = Template:Longitem | data33 = | label34 = Eccentricity | data34 = 0.4334 | label35 = Template:Longitem | data35 = 3.58 yr (1,308 days) | label36 = Template:Longitem | data36 = | label37 = Template:Longitem | data37 = | label38 = Template:Longitem | data38 = 16.880° | label39 = Template:Longitem | data39 = | label40 = Inclination | data40 = 28.999° | label41 = Template:Longitem | data41 = | label42 = Template:Longitem | data42 = 241.95° | label43 = Template:Longitem | data43 = | label44 = Template:Longitem | data44 = | label45 = Template:Longitem | data45 = 356.11° | label46 = Template:Nowrap | data46 = | label47 = Satellite of | data47 = | label48 = Group | data48 = | label49 = {{#switch: |yes|true=Satellites |Known satellites}} | data49 = | label50 = Star | data50 = | label51 = Earth MOID | data51 = 0.3154 AUTemplate:·122.9 LD | label52 = Mercury MOID | data52 = | label53 = Venus MOID | data53 = | label54 = Mars MOID | data54 = | label55 = Jupiter MOID | data55 = | label56 = Saturn MOID | data56 = | label57 = Uranus MOID | data57 = | label58 = Neptune MOID | data58 = | label59 = T_Jupiter | data59 =

| header60 = Proper orbital elements

| label61 = Template:Longitem | data61 = {{#if: |{{{p_semimajor}}} AU}} | label62 = Template:Longitem | data62 = | label63 = Template:Longitem | data63 = | label64 = Template:Longitem | data64 = {{#if: |{{{p_mean_motion}}} deg Template:\yr}} | label65 = Template:Longitem | data65 = {{#if:|{{#expr:360/1 round 5}} yr
({{#expr:365.25*360/1 round 3}} d) }} | label66 = Template:Longitem | data66 = {{#if:|{{{perihelion_rate}}} arcsec Template:\yr }} | label67 = Template:Longitem | data67 = {{#if:|{{{node_rate}}} arcsec Template:\yr}}

| header70 = Template:Anchor{{#if:yes| Physical characteristics|Physical characteristics}}

| label71 = Dimensions | data71 = Template:Val km<ref name="WISE" />
1.64 km Template:Small<ref name="lcdb" />
Template:Nowrap | label72 = Template:Longitem | data72 = | label73 = Template:Longitem | data73 = | label74 = Template:Longitem | data74 = | label75 = Template:Longitem | data75 = | label76 = Flattening | data76 = | label77 = Circumference | data77 = | label78 = Template:Longitem | data78 = | label79 = Volume | data79 = | label80 = Mass | data80 = 7.8×10¹²kg | label81 = Template:Longitem | data81 = 3.9 g cm⁻³<ref name="Richter-2000" /> | label82 = Template:Longitem | data82 = | label83 = Template:Longitem | data83 = | label84 = Template:Longitem | data84 = | label85 = Template:Longitem | data85 = Template:Val h<ref name="Di-Martino-1999" />
Template:Val h<ref name="Oberst-2001" /> | label86 = Template:Longitem | data86 = | label87 = Template:Longitem | data87 = | label88 = Template:Longitem | data88 = | label89 = Template:Longitem | data89 = | label90 = Template:Longitem | data90 = | label91 = Template:Longitem | data91 = | label92 = Template:Longitem | data92 = | label93 = {{#if:yes |Template:Longitem |Albedo}} | data93 = Template:Val<ref name="WISE" />
0.18 Template:Small<ref name="lcdb" /> | label94 = Temperature | data94 =

| data100 = {{#if:|

Surface temp.	min	mean	max
{{{temp_name1}}}
{{{temp_name2}}}
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| header110 = Atmosphere

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9969 Braille, provisional designation Template:Mp, is an eccentric, rare-type and elongated asteroid from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, classified as Mars-crosser and slow rotator, approximately 1–2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered in 1992, by astronomers at Palomar Observatory and later named after Louis Braille, the inventor of the writing system for the blind. It was photographed in closeup by the spacecraft Deep Space 1 in 1999, but a malfunction resulted in indistinct images.

Discovery and namingEdit

Discovered on May 27, 1992, by E. F. Helin and K. J. Lawrence working at the Palomar observatory as part of NASA's Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey, it was given the provisional designation Template:Mp.<ref name="MPC-Braille" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Later, it was named Braille in honour of Louis Braille as suggested by Kennedy Space Center software engineer Kerry Babcock in The Planetary Society's contest titled "Name That Asteroid".<ref name="springer" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 July 1999 (Template:Small).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />

OrbitEdit

Braille has an unusually inclined orbit, and belongs to the somewhat rare class of asteroids known as Mars-crossing asteroids. Simulations of its orbit by scientists of the Deep Space 1 project predict that it will evolve into an Earth-crossing orbit in about 4000 years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although its closest approach to the Sun is closer than Mars orbit, its highly elliptical orbit takes it almost half-way to Jupiter at its apoapsis, and as such its semi-major axis is too large for it to be classified as an Amor asteroid.

Physical characteristicsEdit

Braille is a Q-type asteroid, composed mostly of olivine and pyroxene.<ref name="jpldata" /> Early ground-based observations had suggested that it could have been a V-type asteroid with similarities of composition between it and the much larger 4 Vesta. The asteroid is irregularly shaped, measuring approximately 2.1 km × 1 km × 1 km.<ref name="jpldata" />

ExplorationEdit

File:Animation of Deep Space 1 trajectory.gif

Animation of Deep Space 1Template:'s trajectory from 24 October 1998 to 31 December 2003
Template:Legend2 Template:·Template:Legend2 Template:·Template:Legend2 Template:·Template:Legend2

Detailed information about Braille comes primarily from the Deep Space 1 probe, which passed within 26 km of the asteroid on July 29, 1999,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and from extensive ground based observations done in conjunction with the mission.<ref name = "Buratti-2004"/> By the time Deep Space 1 reached Braille, its ultraviolet spectrometer had failed, but it did return two CCD images of medium resolution and three infrared spectra during the encounter. However, although the probe came within 26 km of Braille, the images and spectra were taken from an approximate distance of 14 000 km, due to problems with the tracking system.<ref name="Lazzarin-2001" />

The main purpose of the Deep Space 1 mission was technology testing, but the encounter with Braille was of strong scientific value. No lone asteroid as small as Braille had previously been observed from such a short distance.<ref name="Oberst-2001" />

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

Template:Sister project

Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Template:Webarchive)
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000) – Minor Planet Center
Template:AstDys
Template:JPL small body

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