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AGM-114 Hellfire

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use American English Template:Infobox weapon

The AGM-114 Hellfire is an American missile developed for anti-armor use,<ref name=militaryDotCom>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> later developed for precision<ref name="AGM114Hellfire">Template:Cite news</ref> drone strikes against other target types, especially high-value targets.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It was originally developed under the name "Heliborne laser, fire-and-forget missile", which led to the colloquial name "Hellfire" ultimately becoming the missile's formal name.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Flight International, 14 March 1974.</ref> It has a multi-mission, multi-target precision-strike ability and can be launched from multiple air, sea, and ground platforms, including the MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper. The Hellfire missile is the primary Template:Convert class air-to-ground precision weapon for the armed forces of the United States and many other countries. It has also been fielded on surface platforms in the surface-to-surface and surface-to-air roles.<ref name="Breaking Defense">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DescriptionEdit

Most variants are laser-guided, with one variant, the AGM-114L "Longbow Hellfire", being radar-guided.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Laser guidance can be provided either from the launcher, such as the nose-mounted opto-electronics of the AH-64 Apache attack helicopter, other airborne target designators or from ground-based observers,<ref name="WeaponSystems"/> the latter two options allowing the launcher to break line of sight with the target and seek cover.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:US pilot mock-sings as missile hits target.theora.ogv
Cockpit video showing a Hellfire missile being fired at two people in Afghanistan (at 1:42)

The development of the Hellfire Missile System began in 1974 with the United States Army requirement for a "tank-buster", launched from helicopters to defeat armored fighting vehicles.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}. Official US Army video at Real Military Flix.</ref>

The Hellfire II, developed in the early 1990s is a modular missile system with several variants, and entered service with the U.S. Army in 1996.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hellfire II's semi-active laser variants—AGM-114K high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT), AGM-114KII with external blast fragmentation sleeve, AGM-114M (blast fragmentation), and AGM-114N metal augmented charge (MAC)—achieve pinpoint accuracy by homing in on a reflected laser beam aimed at the target. The General Atomics MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) carry the Hellfire II, but the most common platform is the helicopter gunship, such as the AH-64 Apache or AH-1 Cobra, which can carry up to 16 of them each. The AGM-114L, or Longbow Hellfire, is a fire-and-forget weapon: equipped with millimeter-wave (MMW) active radar homing, it requires no further guidance after launch—even being able to lock on to its target after launch<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>—and can hit its target without the launcher or other friendly unit being in line of sight of the target. It also works in adverse weather and battlefield obscurants, such as smoke and fog, which can mask the position of a target or prevent a designating laser from forming a detectable reflection. Each Hellfire weighs Template:Convert, including the Template:Convert warhead, and has a range of Template:Convert depending on trajectory.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Hellfire has a Circular Error Probable (CEP) of less than Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The AGM-114R "Romeo" Hellfire II entered service in late 2012. It uses a semi-active laser homing guidance system and a K-charge multipurpose warhead<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> to engage targets that formerly needed multiple Hellfire variants. It will replace AGM-114K, M, N, and P variants in U.S. service.<ref>Army and Lockheed Martin prepare for production of advanced laser-guided Hellfire missile. Template:Webarchive - Militaryaerospace.com, 10 April 2012.</ref>

In October 2012, the U.S. ordered 24,000 Hellfire II missiles, for both the U.S. armed forces and foreign customers.<ref>Hella Lotta Hellfires. Template:Webarchive. Strategypage.com, 19 October 2012.</ref>

A possible new JCM successor called the Joint Air to Ground Missile (JAGM) is under consideration. Due to budget reductions, JAGM development was separated into increments, with increment 1 focusing on adding a millimeter-wave radar to the Hellfire-R to give it a dual-mode seeker, enabling it to track moving targets in bad weather.<ref>Army Reduces Scope Of Tri-Mode JAGM. Template:Webarchive. Aviation Week, 27 August 2012.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Operational historyEdit

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File:Destroyed M1A1 Abrams.jpg
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In 2009, the British Ministry of Defence (MoD) acknowledged that Army Air Corps (AAC) AgustaWestland Apaches had used AGM-114N Hellfire missiles against Taliban forces in Afghanistan. The MoD stated that 20 missiles were used in 2008 and a further 20 in 2009. In the British Parliament, Liberal Democrat politician Nick Harvey argued that the "Parliament must be reassured these are a weapon of last resort."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

AGM-114 Hellfire missiles were used to kill Hamas leader Ahmed Yassin by the Israeli Air Force (IAF) in 2004,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and by the US military to kill American-born Islamic cleric Anwar al-Awlaki in Yemen in 2011,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Al-Qaeda operative Abu Yahya al-Libi in Pakistan in 2012, al-Shabaab militant Mukhtar Abu Zubair in Somalia in 2014,<ref name="godane">Template:Cite news</ref> and British ISIL executioner Mohammed Emwazi (also known as "Jihadi John") in Syria in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They were also used in the assassination of Qasem Soleimani as well as the killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The AGM-114 has occasionally been used as an air-to-air missile. The first operational air-to-air kill with a Hellfire took place on 24 May 2001, after a civilian Cessna 152 aircraft entered Israeli airspace from Lebanon, with unknown intentions and refusing to answer or comply with ATC repeated warnings to turn back. An Israeli Air Force AH-64A Apache helicopter fired on the Cessna, resulting in its complete disintegration.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The second operational air-to-air kill with a Hellfire occurred on 10 February 2018, after an Iranian UAV entered Israeli airspace from Syria. An Israeli Air Force AH-64 launched a Hellfire missile at the UAV, successfully destroying it.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Third-party inline

In January 2016 The Wall Street Journal reported that one training missile without a warhead was accidentally shipped to Cuba in 2014 after a training mission in Europe;<ref>Devlin Barrett, Gordon Lubold. "Missing U.S. Missile Shows Up in Cuba". Template:Webarchive. The Wall Street Journal, 8 January 2016.</ref> it was later returned.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A US official said that this was an inert "dummy" version of the Lockheed system stripped of its warhead, fuse, guidance equipment and motor, known as a "Captive Air Training Missile".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

VariantsEdit

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File:AGM-114HellfireHMMWV.jpg
AGM-114 Ground Launched Hellfire-Light (GLH-L) missile system on a modified HMMWV chassis
File:AH-64A (Israeli Air Force).jpg
Israeli Air Force Squadron 190 AH-64A Peten Launched Hellfire missile, Gaza–Israel clashes (November 2018)
AGM-114A<ref name="auto">{{#invoke
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AGM-114B/C
AGM-114F/FA Interim Hellfire
  • Produced: 1991<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>–1994<ref name="WeaponSystems">Template:Cite book</ref>

AGM-114K/K2/K2A Hellfire II
  • Produced: since 1993–2018<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

AGM-114L Hellfire LongBow
  • Produced: 1995–2005, 2016–<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
  • Target: All armored targets
  • Range: Template:Convert
  • Guidance:
    • Fire and forget millimeter-wave (MMW) radar seeker coupled with inertial guidance
    • Homing capability in adverse weather and the presence of battlefield obscurants
    • Programmable fuzing and guidance
  • Warhead: Template:Convert tandem shaped charge high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) insensitive munitions (IM) warhead
  • Length: Template:Convert
  • Weight: Template:Convert
  • L-7/8A Counter-UAS/counter-littoral variants with proximity fuze and blast-fragmentation sleeve<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

AGM-114M Hellfire II (Blast Frag)
AGM-114N Hellfire (MAC)<ref>{{#invoke
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|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Lockheed Martin Hellfire II.jpg
Hellfire II missile exposed through a transparent casing, showing laser homing guidance system in front, copper cone shaped charge explosive in middle, propulsion in the rear
AGM-114P/P+ Hellfire II (For UAS)
  • Produced: 2003–2012
  • Target: All surface targets
  • Range: Template:Convert
  • Guidance:
    • Semi-active laser homing
    • Delayed and programmable fuzing in for hardened targets
  • Warhead: Shaped Charge or Blast Fragmentation
  • Weight: Template:Convert
  • Length: Template:Convert
  • Designed for UAV altitudes
  • P-2A adds steel fragmentation sleeve
  • P-2B adds tantalum fragmentation sleeve
  • P+ Adds enhanced inertial measurement unit (IMU) and software support, many customizations for varying battlefields.
AGM-114R Hellfire II (Hellfire Romeo)<ref>{{#invoke
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  • Produced: since 2012
  • Target: All targets
  • Range: Template:Convert <ref name=":0" />
  • Guidance:
    • Semi-active laser homing
  • Warhead: Multi-function warhead, reduced net explosive weight for low collateral damage (R-9E and R-9H).
  • Weight: Template:Convert
  • Speed: Mach 1.3
  • Length: Template:Convert<ref name="auto"/>
  • Unit Cost: $99,600 (all-up round, 2015 USD)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

M36 Captive Flight Training Missile
The M36 is an inert device used for training in the handling of the Hellfire. It includes an operational laser seeker.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:AnchorTemplate:AnchorAGM-114R-9X
The Hellfire R-9X is a Hellfire variant with a kinetic warhead with pop-out blades instead of explosives, used against specific human targets. Its lethality is due to Template:Convert of dense material with six blades flying at high speed, to crush and cut the targeted person<ref name=beaumont/>—the R-9X has also been referred to as the "Ninja Missile"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and "Flying Ginsu".<ref name=beaumont>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is intended to reduce collateral damage when targeting specific people.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Deployed in secret in 2017, its existence has been public since 2019. This variant was used in the killing in 2017 of Abu Khayr al-Masri, a member of Al-Qaeda's leadership, and in 2019 of Jamal Ahmad Mohammad Al Badawi, accused mastermind of the 2000 USS Cole bombing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The weapon has also been used in Syria,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in Afghanistan against a Taliban commander.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It was used twice in 2020 against senior al-Qaeda leaders in Syria; in September 2020 US officials estimated that it had been used in combat six times.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hellfire missiles fired by a Reaper drone were used on 31 July 2022 to kill Ayman al-Zawahiri,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="AGM114Hellfire"/> the leader of Al-Qaeda, who had previously been involved in planning the 9/11 and other attacks on US targets. It was reported that the missile hit him on a balcony, causing minimal collateral damage. Reports stress that avoiding other casualties was a priority for the mission, following drone attacks that killed several uninvolved people, attracting much criticism. It is widely thought that the Hellfires were the R-9X variant, but a United States Special Operations Command spokesman declined to comment, while confirming that the R9X was "in US Special Operations Command's munitions inventory".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Images of the aftermath of a US attack on a member of Kata'ib Hezbollah (claimed to be Abu Baqir al-Saadi by Hezbollah affiliated reports) suggests an R-9X was used.<ref name=Altmanblade /> The nature and announcement of the attack has led Howard Altman to suggest the weapon system is made more widely available to US forces.<ref name=Altmanblade>Template:Cite news</ref> In December 2024 an R-9X appears to have been used near Idlib.<ref name=Trevithicksyria>Template:Cite news</ref>
In late February 2025 the US government made video of an R-9X in action public for the first time; the missile was used by CENTCOM to kill the senior commander of Al-Qaeda affiliate Hurras al-Din in Northwest Syria.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Launch vehicles and systemsEdit

Manned helicoptersEdit

File:Balad AH1 Cobra 1.jpg
Hellfire missiles on a United States Marine Corps AH-1W Super Cobra

Fixed-wing aircraftEdit

File:An AC-208 fires a Hellfire at practice target.jpg
Iraqi Air Force AC-208 Caravan launches a Hellfire missile

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • AC-130W<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

VesselsEdit

File:AGM-114L Longbow missile launch from USS Montgomery (LCS-8).jpg
AGM-114L launch from Template:USS

Experimental platformsEdit

File:IFPC Longbow vs Outlaw 25 March 2016.ogv
IFPC Longbow vs MQM-170 Outlaw 25 March 2016

The system has been tested for use on the Humvee and the Improved TOW Vehicle (ITV). Test shots have also been fired from a C-130 Hercules. Sweden and Norway use the Hellfire for coastal defense and have conducted tests with Hellfire launchers mounted on the Combat Boat 90 coastal assault boat.<ref>Norwegian article about the experimental deployment of Hellfire missiles on coastal patrol boats (from the official web site of the Norwegian Armed Forces).</ref>

The US Navy evaluated the missile for use on the Freedom-class littoral combat ship and Independence-class littoral combat ship from 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The missile was successfully fired from a LCS in early 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref> This system is set to deploy by late 2019.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2016 the Longbow Hellfire was tested by the US Army using a 15-tube Multi-Mission Launcher mounted on a Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) truck. The MML is an Army-developed weapon system capable of deploying both surface-to-surface and surface-to-air missiles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Longbow Hellfire initially equipped the Maneuver Short-Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD) version of the Stryker to serve as a surface-to-air counter-drone missile,<ref name="Breaking Defense"/> but in 2024 the U.S. Army prohibited its use on the platform after discovering that prolonged placement of the missiles on a ground vehicle created wear and tear that lead to potential safety concerns.<ref>Army ‘prohibited’ soldiers from using Hellfire with M-SHORAD on Strykers due to safety concerns. Breaking Defense. 18 June 2024.</ref>

OperatorsEdit

File:HellfireOperators.png
Map with Hellfire operators in blue

The following countries use the Hellfire:<ref>"AGM-114 Hellfire and Longbow Hellfire", Jane's Weapon Systems, Vol. 1: Air-Launched, 19 March 2013.</ref>

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See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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