Abraham Beame

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Abraham David Beame (né Birnbaum; March 20, 1906Template:Spaced ndashFebruary 10, 2001)<ref name=NYTobit/> was an American accountant, investor, and Democratic Party politician who served from 1974 to 1977 as the 104th mayor of New York City.<ref name=parks>Template:Cite journal</ref> Beame presided over the city during the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis, when the city was almost forced to declare bankruptcy.

Early lifeEdit

Beame was born Abraham David Birnbaum in London.<ref name=remarks>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His parents were Esther (née Goldfarb) and Philip Birnbaum, Jewish immigrants from Poland who fled Warsaw.<ref name=baruch>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=rhill>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Beame and his family left England when he was three months old.<ref name=baruch /> He was raised on New York City's Lower East Side.

Beame graduated from P.S. 160 and the High School of Commerce before enrolling at the City College of New York's School of Business and Civic Administration (spun off as Baruch College in 1968), where he received his undergraduate degree in business with honors in 1928.<ref name=remarks /><ref name=baruch /><ref name=rhill />

CareerEdit

Career before politicsEdit

While in college, Beame co-founded an accounting firm, Beame & Greidinger.<ref name=baruch /> He was an accounting teacher at Richmond Hill High School in Queens from 1929 to 1946<ref name=rhill /> and also taught accounting and commercial law at Rutgers University from 1944 to 1945.

From 1952 to 1961, Beame served as New York City's director of the budget, having also served as assistant director from 1946 to 1952.<ref name=baruch /> In this capacity, he "negotiated all city labor contracts without a strike and kept books on city spending and borrowing; he also set up management programs that saved the city $40 million."<ref name=NYTobit />

Early political careerEdit

Beame was a "clubhouse" or machine politician, a product of the Brooklyn wing of the patronage-oriented "regular" Democratic organization, the borough's equivalent of Manhattan's Tammany Hall and the locus of New York patronage politics following the ascent of Meade Esposito, as opposed to the policy-oriented "reform" Democrats who entered New York City politics, most effectively in Manhattan and the Bronx in the 1950s.<ref name="Lichtenstein">Template:Cite news</ref>

Before being elected to two nonconsecutive terms as city comptroller in 1961 and 1969, he was a longstanding member of Crown Heights's influential Madison Democratic Club and served as political boss Irwin Steingut's personal accountant. Members of the Madison Club, including attorney/fundraiser Abraham "Bunny" Lindenbaum and Steingut's son, Stanley, frequently liaised with real estate developer Fred Trump. The club also played a decisive role in the political ascent of Park Slope–based attorney Hugh Carey, whose tenure as governor of New York coincided with Beame's administration, though Carey eventually broke with the organization by endorsing Mario Cuomo's 1977 primary bid to unseat Beame.<ref name="Lichtenstein"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1965, Beame was the Democratic nominee for mayor of New York City. Edward N. Costikyan was his campaign manager and James Farley his campaign chair.<ref name="RFKOH-ADB-01-TR">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Despite having Senator Robert F. Kennedy's strong support,<ref name="RFKOH-ADB-01-TR"/> Beame lost to the Republican nominee, John Lindsay.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Mayor of New York CityEdit

File:Secretary of H.U.D. Patricia Harris, Jimmy Carter and New York Mayor Abraham Beame tour the South Bronx. - NARA - 176392.jpg

Beame tours the South Bronx with President Jimmy Carter and H.U.D. Secretary Patricia Roberts Harris in 1977

Beame won the 1973 Democratic mayoral primary with 34% of the vote, ahead of Herman Badillo (29%), Mario Biaggi (24%), and Albert H. Blumenthal (16%).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He defeated State Senator John J. Marchi, Blumenthal, and Biaggi in the 1973 mayoral election, becoming the 104th mayor of New York City.<ref name=remarks /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Beame is usually considered the city's first Jewish mayor.<ref name="rhill2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Efn

Fiscal crisis of 1975Edit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Beame entered office facing the worst fiscal crisis in the city's history and spent most of his term attempting to ward off bankruptcy. Soon after being sworn in as mayor, Beame slashed the city workforce, froze salaries, and reconfigured the budget, which proved unsatisfactory until reinforced by actions from newly created state-sponsored entities and the granting of federal funds.

In October 1975, the city of New York was in debt of $453 million. Beame made a statement on October 17 that the city had insufficient cash on hand to meet its debt obligations for that day. He added that New York City citizens needed to take immediate steps to protect the city's essential life support systems and to preserve their well-being. President Gerald Ford at first turned down New York's request for a loan, inspiring the legendary Daily News headline "Ford to City: Drop Dead", but Ford later approved federal support for New York.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Blackout of 1977Edit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} On the evening of July 13, 1977, a massive power failure hit the city. With temperatures in the mid-nineties Fahrenheit and the humidity high, New Yorkers sweltered. By the time power was restored at 10:39 p.m. the next night, the city had been without power for 25 hours. Beame set up a Blackout Action Center at the New York City Police Department headquarters. The blackout resulted in raw sewage washing up on beaches and spoiled food in hundreds or thousands of restaurants around the city.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

After a chaotic four years as mayor, Beame ran for a second term in 1977, and finished third in the Democratic primary, behind Representative Ed Koch and New York Secretary of State Mario Cuomo, and ahead of former Representative Bella Abzug, Representative Herman Badillo and Manhattan Borough President Percy Sutton. He was succeeded by Koch, who won the general election on November 8, 1977.<ref name="baruch" />

When Beame left office on January 1, 1978, the city budget had a surplus of $200 million.<ref name=remarks /> There was a $1.5 billion deficit when Beame took office.<ref name="baruch" />

A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Beame as the 14th-worst American big-city mayor to serve between 1820 and 1993.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Later careerEdit

Beame worked in investment advising after leaving office.<ref name = NYTobit/>

Personal lifeEdit

Beame was married to his childhood sweetheart, Mary (née Ingerman),<ref name=baruch /> for 67 years. They met when Beame was 15, playing checkers at the University Settlement Society of New York.<ref name=remarks /> They raised two sons, Edmond and Bernard (Buddy),<ref name=NYTobit/><ref name=baruch /> and lived in Brooklyn, first in Crown Heights and later in a "modest" apartment on Plaza Street West in Park Slope.<ref name=remarks /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Throughout his life, Beame summered in the Rockaway neighborhood of Belle Harbor.<ref name=remarks />

Beame received the Townsend Harris medal in 1957, and awards from numerous charitable, religious and civic organizations.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Beame experienced heart problems in his later years. He had heart attacks in 1991 and 2000. After the second, he was admitted to New York University Medical Center, where he remained for the last months of his life. He underwent open-heart surgery in August and December 2000, and died from surgical complications on February 10, 2001, at the age of 94.<ref name=NYTobit>Template:Cite news</ref>