Adélie Land
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Adélie Land (Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) or Adélie Coast<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a claimed territory of France located on the continent of Antarctica. It stretches from a portion of the Southern Ocean coastline all the way inland to the South Pole. France has administered it as one of five districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands since 1955 and applied the Antarctic Treaty System rules since 1961. Article 4 of the Antarctic Treaty deals with territorial claims, and although it does not renounce or diminish any preexisting claims to sovereignty, it also does not prejudice the position of contracting parties in their recognition or non-recognition of territorial sovereignty. France has had a permanent station in Adélie Land since 9 April 1950.
GeographyEdit
Adélie Land lies between 136° E (near Pourquoi Pas Point at Template:Coord) and 142° E (near Point Alden at Template:Coord), with a shore length of about Template:Convert and with its inland part extending as a sector of a circle about Template:Convert toward the South Pole. Adélie Land has borders with the Australian Antarctic Territory both on the east and on the west, namely on Clarie Land (part of Wilkes Land) in the west, and George V Land in the east. Additionally, it is the only territory claimed within French Southern and Antarctic Lands that is not an island.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Its total land area, mostly covered with glaciers,<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica" /> is estimated to be Template:Convert.<ref name="Institut Polaire">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The coast of Adélie Land is known for its katabatic winds which push snow and sea ice away from the coast.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica" /> In a 1915 Science Magazine volume, it was named the "stormiest spot on the face of earth".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
HistoryEdit
The coast of Adélie Land was discovered in January 1840 by the French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville (1790–1842) who named it after his wife, Adèle.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Hanks Hardcastle Hodges 2006">Template:Cite book</ref> This is the basis of the French claim to this Antarctic land. The first French research station, Port Martin, was built in 1950. It was destroyed by a fire in 1952, and replaced by Dumont d'Urville Station in 1956. Charcot Station was a French inland base built which was occupied from 1957 to 1960.
Cap Prud'Homme Camp, an Italian-French base, opened in 1994. Prud'Homme and Dumont d'Urville are the only currently remaining active stations.
- Reconnaissance de la Terre Adelie, le 20 Janvier 1840.jpg
Discovery by Jules Dumont d'Urville, 1840
- Roquemaurel Roches Terre Adélie MHNT MIN 2013 0 1-5.jpg
Rocks brought back by the expedition in January 1840
Research stationsEdit
Port Martin and Base Marret (1950–52)Edit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The site of Port Martin was discovered during a French Antarctic Expedition under Template:Ill on 18 January 1950.<ref name="ats">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Liotard, along with 11 men, established the station on 9 April 1950 at Template:Coord.<ref name="ats" /> Port Martin housed a winter population of 11 in 1950–51 and 17 in 1951–52.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A crew under Mario Marret built a temporary secondary base in January 1952: Base Marret on Petrel Island.<ref name="ats" /> Port Martin was destroyed by a fire during the night of 23–24 January 1952. All of the inhabitants were safely evacuated, and they overwintered at Base Marret.<ref name="ats" /><ref name="comnap-catalogue">Template:Cite report</ref> Only the ancillary buildings of Port Martin were not destroyed by the fire and they have remained mostly untouched since.<ref name="ats" />
Dumont d'Urville Station (1956–present)Edit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Dumont d'Urville Station is a year-round French research base located at Template:Coord.<ref name="comnap-catalogue" /> The station is Template:Convert large<ref name="comnap-catalogue" /> and houses a summer population of 120 and a winter population of around 30.<ref name="Institut Polaire" /> It was built on 12 January 1956 for the International Geophysical Year of 1957–58.<ref name="comnap-catalogue" /> Initially intended to be a temporary station, it was expanded and continually occupied.<ref name="comnap-catalogue" /> Like Base Marret, the station is located on Petrel Island, which is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the mainland.<ref name="comnap-catalogue" /> The station's research includes ecology, marine biology, glaciology, meteorology and more.<ref name="comnap-catalogue" /> In the documentary, March of the Penguins (2005), Dumont d'Urville Station was the main filming location.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Charcot Station (1957–60)Edit
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Template:Ill was a French inland base located on the Antarctic ice sheet at Template:Convert from the coast and from Dumont d'Urville Station, at an elevation of about Template:Convert. The station, built for the International Geophysical Year of 1957–58, paid homage to Jean-Baptiste Charcot), and was occupied from January 1957 through 1960 housing solely three men.
The base was composed of a main body of Template:Convert (the "barrack") which consisted of semi-cylindrical sections of sheet metal assembled end to end. This form was planned to best withstand the snow pressure accumulated on it. Horizontal galleries were connected to house scientific measurement devices, while a vertical air conduit opened a few metres above the snow level provided ventilation.
Robert Guillard Station (1994–present)Edit
Robert Guillard Station<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> known as Cap Prud'Homme (Template:Coord) is an Italian-French camp, opened in 1994, located on the coast of the Antarctic ice sheet, in Adélie Land, about Template:Cvt from Petrel Island, where the French Dumont d'Urville Station is. All the supplies and equipment for the Italian-French Concordia Station are transported by a combined convoy of up to seven Caterpillar tractors from Cap Prud'Homme, with Kässbohrer trailblazers and a team of up to nine people; each convoy transports an average of 150 tons of payload.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
WildlifeEdit
Part of the Pointe Géologie Archipelago in Adélie Land is protected by the Antarctic Specially Protected Area 120.<ref name="comnap-catalogue" /> In 2016, a study predicted that an Adélie penguin colony located in Cape Dennison in Commonwealth Bay might be subject to extinction. In 2010, a fallen glacier blocked the flow of a river and caused sea ice to overflow to the rocky surface that Adélie penguin requires to nest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Before 2017, an estimated 18,000 pairs of Adélie penguin resided in the Adélie Land. However, in 2017, an insurgence of sea ice forced the penguins to travel further to reach the sea. Due to this, nearly all of the newborn penguins had died of starvation and exhaustion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Dumont d'Urville Station is in proximity to Adélie penguins, emperor penguins, and seals.<ref name="comnap-catalogue" />
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Template:Coord Template:Districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands Template:French overseas departments and territories Template:Antarctic territorial claims Template:Antarctica Template:Antarctic fields camp Template:Outlying territories of European countries