Adansonia
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Adansonia is a genus of medium-to-large deciduous trees known as baobabs (Template:IPAc-en or Template:IPAc-en). The eight species of Adansonia are native to Africa, Australia, and Madagascar but have also been introduced to other regions of the world, including Barbados, where several of the baobabs there are suspected to have originated from Africa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other baobabs have been introduced to Asia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A genomic and ecological analysis further suggests that the genus itself originated from Madagascar.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The generic name Adansonia honours Michel Adanson, the French naturalist and explorer who provided the first detailed botanical description and illustrations of Adansonia digitata.<ref name="Eggli Newton 2004">Template:Cite book</ref> The baobab, however, is also known as the "upside down tree," a name attributable to the trees' overall appearance and historical myths.<ref name="wickens2008">Template:Cite book</ref> Baobabs are among the most long-lived of vascular plants<ref name="Patrut2018">Template:Cite journal</ref> and have large flowers that are reproductive for a maximum of 15 hours.<ref name="Baum">Template:Cite journal</ref> The flowers open around dusk with sufficiently rapid movement that is detectable by the naked eye.<ref name="Baum"/> The fruits are large, oval to round and berry-like, and hold kidney-shaped seeds in a dry, pulpy matrix.
In the early 21st century, baobabs in southern Africa began to die off rapidly and mysteriously—the cause is yet to be determined. Blight or pests are unlikely to have caused such rapid death, so some have speculated that the cause may have been mass dehydration.<ref name="yong">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nyt">Template:Cite news</ref>
DescriptionEdit
Baobabs are long-lived deciduous, small to large trees from Template:Cvt tall<ref name="Baum"/> with broad trunks and compact crowns. Young trees usually have slender, tapering trunks, often with a swollen base. Mature trees have massive trunks that are bottle-shaped or cylindrical and tapered from bottom to top.<ref name="Baum"/> The trunk is made of fibrous wood arranged in concentric rings, although rings are not always formed annually and so cannot be used to determine the age of individual trees.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tree diameter fluctuates with rainfall so it is thought that water may be stored in the trunk.<ref name="Baum"/> Baobab trees have two types of shoots—long, green vegetative ones, and stout, woody reproductive ones. Branches can be massive and spread out horizontally from the trunk or are ascending.
Adansonia gregorii is generally the smallest of the baobabs, rarely getting to over Template:Cvt tall and often with multiple trunks.<ref name="Baum"/> Both A. rubrostipa and A. madagascariensis are small to large trees, from Template:Cvt tall.<ref name="Baum"/> The other baobabs grow from Template:Cvt tall, with Template:Cvt diameter trunks. A. digitata, however, often has massive single or multiple trunks of up to Template:Cvt diameter.<ref name="Baum"/>
LeavesEdit
Leaves are palmately compound in mature trees, but seedlings and regenerating shoots may have simple leaves. The transition to compound leaves comes with age and may be gradual. Leaves have 5–11 leaflets, with the largest ones in the middle and may be stalkless or with short petioles. Leaflets may have toothed or smooth edges, and may be hairless or have simple-to-clumped hairs. Baobabs have stipules at the base of the leaves, but the stipules are soon shed in most species. Baobabs are deciduous, shedding leaves during the dry season.<ref name="Baum"/>
FlowersEdit
In most Adansonia species, the flowers are borne on short erect or spreading stalks in the axils of the leaves near the tips of reproductive shoots. Only A. digitata has flowers and fruits set on long, hanging stalks. There is usually only a single flower in an axil, but sometimes flowers occur in pairs. They are large, showy and strongly scented. They only open near dusk. Opening is rapid and movement of the flower parts is fast enough to be visible. Most Adansonia species are pollinated by bats.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Flowers may remain attached to the trees for several days, but the reproductive phase is very short, with pollen shed during the first night and stigmas shriveled by the morning. The flower is made up of an outer 5-lobed calyx, and an inner ring of petals set around a fused tube of stamens.<ref name="Baum"/> The outer lobes of the calyx are usually green (brown in A. grandidieri) and in bud are joined almost to the tip. As the flower opens, the calyx lobes split apart and become coiled or bent back (reflexed) at the base of the flower. The inner surface of the lobes are silky-hairy and cream, pink, or red.<ref name="Baum"/> Sometimes the lobes do not separate cleanly, distorting the shape of the flower as they bend back. The calyx lobes remain fused at the base, leaving a feature (calyx tube) that has nectar-producing tissue and that is cup-shaped, flat or tubular; the form of the calyx tube varies with species.<ref name="Baum"/> The flowers have a central tube (staminal tube) made up of fused stalks of stamens (filaments), with unfused filaments above. A densely hairy ovary is enclosed in the staminal tube, and a long style tipped with a stigma emerges from the filaments. Petals are set near the base of the staminal tube and are variable in shape and colour. The flowers, when fresh, may be white, cream, bright yellow or dark red, but fade quickly, often turning reddish when dried.<ref name="Baum"/>
FruitEdit
The fruit of the baobabs is one of their distinguishing features. It is large, oval-to-round, and berry-like in most species (usually less than Template:Convert long in A. madagascariensis.<ref name="Baum"/>). It has a dry, hard outer shell of variable thickness. In most species, the shell is indehiscent (does not break open easily). A. gibbosa is the only species with fruits that crack while still on the tree, which then tend to break open upon landing on the ground. Inside the outer shell, kidney-shaped seeds 10–15(−20) mm long are set in a dry pulp.<ref name="Baum"/>
TaxonomyEdit
The earliest written reports of baobab are from a 14th-century travelogue by the Arab traveler Ibn Battuta.<ref name="Baum"/> The first botanical description was in the De medicina Aegyptiorum by Prospero Alpini (1592), looking at fruits that he observed in Egypt from an unknown source. They were called Bahobab, possibly from the Arabic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} abū ḥibāb meaning "many-seeded fruit".<ref name="Baum"/> The French explorer and botanist Michel Adanson (1727–1806) observed a baobab tree in 1749 on the island of Sor in Senegal, and wrote the first detailed botanical description of the full tree, accompanied with illustrations. Recognizing the connection to the fruit described by Alpini he called the genus Baobab. Linnaeus later renamed the genus Adansonia, to honour Adanson, but use of baobab as one of the common names has persisted.<ref name="Baum"/>
The genus Adansonia is in the subfamily Bombacoideae, within the family Malvaceae in the order Malvales. The subfamily Bombacoideae was previously treated as the Bombacaceae family but it is no longer recognized at the rank of family by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group I 1998, II 2003 or the Kubitzki system 2003. There are eight accepted species of Adansonia. A new species (Adansonia kilima Pettigrew, et al.), was described in 2012, found in high-elevation sites in eastern and southern Africa.<ref name="kilima">Template:Cite journal</ref> This, however, is no longer recognized as a distinct species<ref name="cron">Cron, Glynis & Karimi, Nisa & Glennon, Kelsey & Udeh, Chukwudi & Witkowski, E & Venter, Sarah & Assogbadio, A & Baum, David. (2016). "One African baobab species or two? A re-evaluation of Adansonia kilima". South African Journal of Botany. 103. 312. 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.02.036.</ref> but considered a synonym of A. digitata. Some high-elevation trees in Tanzania show different genetics and morphology, but further study is needed to determine if recognition of them as a separate species is warranted.<ref name="cron"/> The genus Adansonia is further divided into three sections. Section Adansonia includes only A. digitata. This species has hanging flowers and fruit, set on long flowering stalks. This is the type species for the genus Adansonia.<ref name="Baum"/> All species of Adansonia except A. digitata are diploid; A. digitata is tetraploid.<ref name="kilima"/> Section Brevitubae includes A. grandidieri and A. suarexensis. These are species with flower buds that set on short pedicles and that are approximately twice as long as wide. The other species are all classified within the section Longitubae. They also have flowers/fruits set on short pedicels, but the flower buds are five or more times as long as wide.Template:Citation needed
SpeciesEdit
Template:As of, there are eight recognized species of Adansonia, with six endemic to Madagascar, one native to mainland Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, and one native to Australia. The mainland African species (Adansonia digitata) also occurs on Madagascar, but it is not a native of that island. Baobabs were introduced in ancient times to south Asia and during the colonial era to the Caribbean. They are also present in the island nation of Cape Verde.<ref name="wickens2008" /> A ninth species was described in 2012 (Adansonia kilima Pettigrew, et al.)<ref name="kilima" /> but is no longer recognized as a distinct species.<ref name="cron"/> The African and Australian baobabs are similar in appearance, and the oldest splits within Adansonia are likely no older than 15 million years; thus, the Australian species represents a long-distance trans-oceanic dispersal event from Africa.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The lineage leading to Adansonia was found to have diverged from its closest relatives in Bombacoideae like Ceiba /Chorisia at the end of the Eocene, during a time of abrupt global climate cooling and drying, while a divergence of this Adansonia+Ceiba /Chorisia clade from Pachira was found to be more ancient, dating to the middle Eocene.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
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| Image | Species | Common names | Native range |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:Baobab and elephant, Tanzania.jpg | Adansonia digitata L. (also includes Adansonia kilima<ref name="kilima" />) | African baobab, dead-rat-tree, monkey-bread-tree, montane African baobab, Gongolaze | western, northeastern, central and southern Africa, SW Asia (Yemen, Oman)<ref>Science, Kew. " https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:558628-1". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 19 February 2022.</ref> |
| File:Adansonia grandidieri04.jpg | Adansonia grandidieri Baill. | Grandidier's baobab, giant baobab | west central Madagascar<ref name=iucn>Template:Cite iucn</ref> |
| File:Boab tree in February, Kimberley region, Western Australia.jpg | Adansonia gregorii F.Muell. (syn. A. gibbosa) | boab, Australian baobab, bottletree, cream-of-tartar-tree, gouty-stem | Australia (Northern Territory, Western Australia)<ref>Science, Kew. " https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:558631-1". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 19 February 2022.</ref> |
| File:Hatiyan ka Jhad ("Elephant-sized Tree"), This famous old Baobab located on the premises of Naya Qila 02.jpg | Adansonia madagascariensis Baill. | Madagascar baobab | northwest and north Madagascar<ref name="Behrens">Behrens, K. and K. Barnes. 2016. Wildlife of Madagascar. Wild guides, Princeton University Press.</ref> |
| File:Adansonia perrieri.jpg | Adansonia perrieri Capuron | Perrier's baobab | northern Madagascar<ref name="Behrens"/> |
| File:Baobab sacree.JPG | Adansonia rubrostipa Jum. & H.Perrier (syn. A. fony) | fony baobab | central-to-south part of western Madagascar<ref name="Behrens"/> |
| File:Adansonia suarezensis.jpg | Adansonia suarezensis H.Perrier | Suarez baobab | northern Madagascar<ref name="Behrens"/> |
| File:Bombacaceae - Adansonia za.jpg | Adansonia za Baill. | za baobab | west and southwest Madagascar<ref name="Behrens"/> |
,_This_famous_old_Baobab_located_on_the_premises_of_Naya_Qila_02.jpg){kind=link}
HabitatEdit
The Malagasy species are important components of the Madagascar dry deciduous forests. Within that biome, Adansonia madagascariensis and A. rubrostipa occur specifically in the Anjajavy Forest, sometimes growing out of the tsingy limestone itself. A. digitata has been called "a defining icon of African bushland".<ref name="kew">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The tree also grows wild in Sudan in the regions of Darfur and the state of Kordofan. The locals call it "Gongolaze" and use its fruits as food and medicine and use the tree trunks as reservoirs to save water.Template:Citation needed
EcologyEdit
Baobabs store water in the trunk (up to Template:Convert) to endure harsh drought conditions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> All occur in seasonally arid areas, and are deciduous, shedding their leaves during the dry season. Across Africa, the oldest and largest baobabs began to die in the early 21st century, likely from a combination of drought and rising temperatures.<ref name="yong" /> The trees appear to become parched, then become dehydrated and unable to support their massive trunks.<ref name=nyt />
Baobabs are important as nest sites for birds, in particular the mottled spinetail<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and four species of weaver.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Notable treesEdit
Radiocarbon dating has provided data on a few individuals of A. digitata. The Panke baobab in Zimbabwe was some 2,450 years old when it died in 2011, making it the oldest angiosperm ever documented,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and two other trees—Dorslandboom in Namibia and Glencoe in South Africa—were estimated to be approximately 2,000 years old.<ref name="Patrut" /> Another specimen known as Grootboom was dated and found to be at least 1,275 years old.<ref name="kew"/><ref name="patrut2010">Patrut, A., et al. (2010). Fire history of a giant African baobab evinced by radiocarbon dating. Template:Webarchive Radiocarbon 52(2), 717–26.</ref> The Glencoe Baobab, a specimen of A. digitata in Limpopo Province, South Africa, was considered to be the largest living individual, with a maximum circumference of Template:Convert<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and a diameter of about Template:Convert. The tree has since split into two parts, so the widest individual trunk may now be that of the Sunland Baobab, or Platland tree, also in South Africa. The diameter of this tree at ground level is Template:Convert and its circumference at breast height is Template:Convert.<ref name="Patrut" />
Two large baobabs growing in Tsimanampetsotse National Park were also studied using radiocarbon dating.<ref name="Patrut">Template:Cite journal</ref> One called Grandmother is made up of three fused trunks of different ages, with the oldest part of the tree an estimated 1,600 years old. The second, "polygamous baobab", has six fused stems, and is an estimated 1,000 years old.<ref name=Patrut/>
Culinary usesEdit
LeavesEdit
The tree's leaves may be eaten as a leaf vegetable.<ref name="kew" />
FruitEdit
The white pith in the fruit of the Australian baobab (A. gregorii) tastes like sherbet.<ref name="RFK"/> It has an acidic, tart, citrus flavor.<ref name=ukfsa>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is a good source of vitamin C, potassium, carbohydrates, and phosphorus.Template:Citation needed The dried fruit powder of A. digitata, baobab powder, contains about 11% water, 80% carbohydrates (50% fiber),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and modest levels of various nutrients, including riboflavin, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, and phytosterols, with low levels of protein and fats.<ref name=ukfsa /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Vitamin C content, described as variable in different samples, was in a range of Template:Convert per Template:Convert of dried powder.<ref name=ukfsa /> In 2008, baobab dried fruit pulp was authorized in the EU as a safe food ingredient,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and later in the year was granted GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status in the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In Angola, the dry fruit of A. digitata is usually boiled, and the broth is used for juices or as the base for a type of ice cream known as gelado de múcua.Template:Citation needed In Zimbabwe, the fruit of A. digitata is eaten fresh or the crushed crumbly pulp is stirred into porridge and drinks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In Tanzania, the dry pulp of A. digitata is added to sugarcane to aid fermentation in brewing (beermaking).<ref>Sidibe, M., et al. Baobab, Adansonia digitata L. Volume 4 of Fruits for the Future. International Centre for Underused Crops, 2002.</ref>
SeedEdit
The seeds of some species are a source of vegetable oil.<ref name="grand" /><ref name="za" /> The fruit pulp and seeds of A. grandidieri<ref name="grand">Ambrose-Oji, B., and Mughogho, N. 2007. Adansonia grandidieri Baill. Template:Webarchive In: van der Vossen, H.A.M., and Mkamilo, G.S. (eds). PROTA 14: Vegetable oils/Oléagineux. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.</ref> and A. za are eaten fresh.<ref name="za">Ambrose-Oji, B., and Mughogho, N. 2007. Adansonia za Baill. Template:Webarchive In: van der Vossen, H.A.M., and Mkamilo, G.S. (eds). PROTA 14: Vegetable oils/Oléagineux. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.</ref>
Other usesEdit
Some baobab species are sources of fiber, dye, and fuel. Indigenous Australians used the native species A. gregorii for several products, making string from the root fibers and decorative crafts from the fruits.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Baobab oil from the seed is also used in cosmetics, particularly in moisturizers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In cultureEdit
Baobab trees hold cultural and spiritual significance in many African societies. They are often the sites of communal gatherings, storytelling, and rituals.<ref name="Lisao">Template:Cite journal</ref> An unusual baobab was the namesake of Kukawa, formerly the capital of the Bornu Empire southwest of Lake Chad in Central Africa.
In the novel The Little Prince, the titular character takes care to root out baobabs that try to grow on his tiny planet home. The fearsome, grasping baobab trees, researchers have contended, were meant to represent Nazism attempting to destroy the planet.<ref name="NYTimes-1993.09.19">Reif, Rita. A Charming Prince Turns 50, His Luster Intact, The New York Times, 19 September 1993.</ref>
GalleryEdit
- Adansonia digitata Baobab.JPG
- Derby boab, Western Australia.jpg
- Rubostipaanjajavycmichaelhogan.jpg
- Adansonia suarezensis.jpg
- Starr 080305-3303 Adansonia digitata.jpg
Adansonia digitata leaf
- Adansonia digitata (1).jpg
Adansonia digitata flower
- Pollen of Adansonia or Baobab tree.jpg
Adansonia pollen
- Baobab - seeds from one fruit, Adansonia digitata.jpg
Adansonia digitata seeds from the fruit
- Raw baobab powder on white paper.jpg
Baobab powder
- Baobab - fruit pulp elements detail - Adansonia digitata.jpg
Elements of the fruit pulp of Adansonia digitata (clockwise from top right): whole fruit pulp chunks, fibers, seeds, powder from the pulp