Albert Brudzewski

Template:Short description Template:Infobox scientist Albert Brudzewski,Template:Efn also known as Albert Blar (of Brudzewo),<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> Adalbertus,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Albert of Brudzewo or Albert of Brudzew (Template:Langx: Template:Langx; c.1445–c.1497) was a Polish astronomer, philosopher and diplomat. A major accomplishment of Albert's was his modernization of the teaching of astronomy by introducing the most up-to-date texts. He was an influential teacher to Nicolaus Copernicus, who initiated the Copernican Revolution.

Later in his life he was secretary and diplomat of Alexander Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania.

Life

Albert (Template:Langx), who would sign himself "de Brudzewo" ("of Brudzewo"), was born about 1445 in the city of Brudzew/Brudzewo,Template:Efn in the Kingdom of Poland.

He matriculated at the Kraków Academy (now Jagiellonian University), where he earned his bachelor degree in 1470 and a master in 1474.<ref name=":7">Template:Citation</ref> Brudzewski was a student of Michał Falkener in physical sciences and of John of Głogów in mathematics.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite book</ref> Brudzewski may have also been a disciple of German astronomer Regiomontanus at the University of Vienna.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":6">Template:Cite book</ref> Brudzewski was well versed in Georg von Peuerbach's Theoricae novae planetarum and Regiomontanus' Tabulae directionum and Ephemerides.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

He drew up tables for calculating the positions of heavenly bodies. In 1482 he wrote a Commentariolum super Theoricas novas — a commentary on Peuerbach's text, which was published in Milan in 1495.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":7" /> Peuerbach noted that Mercury does not describes a perfect circle but an oval-shaped orbit. Brudzewski in his 1482 commentary remarks that the Moon follows a similar orbit, as it always shows its same side to the Earth.<ref name=":5" /> As previously done by Sandivogius of Czechel, Brudzewski added a secondary epicycle to explain the motion of the Moon.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Brudzewski also considered that the motion of the planets was influenced by the Sun as their source of power.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Other works include Introductorium Astronomorum Cracoviensium;Tabula resoluta Astronomic pro supputandis motibus corporum cœlestium and De Constructone Astrolabii.<ref name=":8" />

Teaching

Brudzewski is also remembered as a remarkable teacher. Filippo Buonaccorsi (Callimachus) wrote in a letter:<ref name=":7" /> Template:Quote At the Kraków Academy he impressed students by his extraordinary knowledge of literature, and taught mathematics and astronomy.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref> From 1489 to 1491, German poet and Renaissance humanist, Conrad Celtes traveled to Poland to meet and learn astrology from Brudzewski.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> They became friends and exchanged letters even after Celtes departure.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Brudzewski lectured on arithmetic, optics, Peuerbach astronomy and Mashallah ibn Athari works.<ref name=":7" /> In 1490, he earned a bachelor in theology,<ref name=":7" /> and from then onwards he lectured only on Aristotle's philosophy and his work On the Heavens.<ref name=":5" /> These lectures were attended by Nicolaus Copernicus, who enrolled at the academy from 1491 to 1495.<ref name=":3" /> It is possible that Brudzewski also discussed other topics with Copernicus privately.<ref name=":7" /> Cartographer and friend of Copernicus Bernard Wapowski also studied under Brudzewski.<ref name=":3" />

Depart to Vilnius

In 1494, Brudzewski left Krakow.<ref name=":5" /> In Vilnius, he engaged as secretary at the service of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Aleksander Jagiellon, who would later become King of Poland after the death of Brudzewki.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> It was in Vilnius that Albert wrote his treatise, Conciliator, the original of which has not yet been found.Template:Cn

Albert of Brudzewo died in Vilnius circa 1497.

Views and contributions

File:Wojciech Brudzewski monument 01.jpg

Statute of Albert Brudzewski in Brudzew, Turek CountyTemplate:Efn

On Averroes

Brudzewski was seen as influential and persuasive astronomer, a fictionalist, and an opponent of Middle Ages Andalusian scholar Averroes (Ibn Rushd). Averroes disagreed with the majority of the astronomer Ptolemy's work. He believed that Ptolemy's devices and principles disobeyed the fundamental principles and basic consequences of Aristotelian physics. Averroes worked to replace the Ptolemaic astronomical system with a novel system that was similar to a system created by Eudoxus. Albert Brudzewski disagreed and criticized Averroes immediately. The major dispute was the figuring out the number of celestial orbs or spheres that lay in the heavens. Averroes refused to believe that there was a ninth sphere in the heavens. He believed that the creation of all celestial beings had to arise from the stars, but the ninth sphere did not possess any stars, so this could not be true. Albert Brudzewski argued with this and said that the heavens possessed more than ten spheres. He believed that the Sun itself had three spheres and the planets had their own as well.<ref name=":0" />

To make sense and clarify to his followers, Brudzewski said that the terms 'orb' or 'sphere' had three meanings of interpretation. The first meaning could be the whole entire heavens was designated into a single object which was the orb or sphere. This object was not separate from the whole heavens yet it could exist by itself. The second meaning he paralleled it to the sphere or orb from Peurbach's Theoricae novae planetarum although it was unconventional, it still existed in the heavens. The third meaning or clarification of orb was an orb that was aligned with the Earth. The third meaning was actually a collection of orbs that was crucial to the motion of a planet.<ref name=":0" />

Brudzewski further disputes Averroes by depending on the assumptions of Aristotle. He said that Aristotle demonstrated and verified five claims about the heavens that could disprove Averroes. The first claim was that the heavens was a simple being. The second claim was that because the heavens was a simple being, the motion of the being also had to be simple and uncomplicated. There could only be one motion and it had to follow the laws of nature. The third claim was that any motion that did not follow the laws of nature had to have an addition motion that did follow the laws of nature. The fourth claim was that a single sphere or orb could not be moved by several motions because it was a simple body. The fifth claim was that any superior or greater orb could have an impact on lesser orbs and spheres but the lesser orbs and spheres could not have any leverage on the superior's ones.<ref name=":0" />

To finally disprove Averroes, Brudzewski mentions the three recognizable motions of the sphere of fixed stars. The first motion was that the sphere possessed a daily rotation that occurred from the East to the West. The second motion was movement of the sphere in the opposition direction from West to East. The third motion was a cyclical motion that Brudzewski named trepidation. Brudzewski gave these three motions to the last three spheres respectively. With the assumptions of Aristotle as well as the motions of the sphere of the fixed stars, Brudzewski is able to prove that Averroes is wrong about the number of celestial spheres in the heavens.<ref name=":0" />

On the heavens and planetary motion

Albert Brudzewski was known as a fictionalist. He did not think that the motions of the heavens were understood by any human.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Richard of Wallingford, an astronomer in the 1300s, had an opposing view for the spheres of the planets. He claimed that no mortal knows whether eccentrics truly exist in the spheres of the planets, but spirits could give humans revelations about the true planetary motion of the heavens through mathematicians.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> This claim limits the astronomical knowledge of mortals and suggests that spirits do not have the same limitations. Brudzewski acknowledges the existence of these viewpoints but criticized their validity. To astronomers, spirits had an accurate knowledge of the number of celestial orbs. Although, he did not want to discredit the ability of mortals to make claims based on astronomical observations.Brudzewski made the claim for the fundamental principle of astrology that the heavens exert causal influences on the Earth.<ref name=":0" />

The paths of planets were thought to be moved by orbs instead of circles. This was a claim by Brudzeski about causal relationships between the planets and their motion. With this view, he disagreed with Averroes about the number of orbs, the concept of epicycles and eccentric circles, and on theoretical orbs. Brudzewski was seen as a source for some of Copernicus's work on orbs, specifically with the Tusi couple.<ref name=":0" />

Tusi couple

The Tusi couple was known as an epicycle arrangement that creates straight line motion of the planets, created by Copernicus.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some think that Brudzewski is the source for Copernicus's model of the Tusi couple. Albert does account for the moon and its double epicycles where he mentions a spot on the moon.<ref name=":0" /> The spot on the Moon is the problem of explaining the appearance of the face of the Moon when always viewing the Earth. These views were not aligned with the Tusi couple. Although, it is speculated that Copernicus could have encountered such a model, where the primary epicycle carries the center of a second epicycle. This is not the Tusi couple, but it could be slightly changed to match its model. The spot on the moon that is always viewed from the Earth would not appear if there was no epicyclical motion of the moon. The motion of the moon was termed as prosneusis motion which was part of the lunar theory. This motion means motion of inclination and turning, which corresponds to the single epicycle in Ptolemy's theory of the moon, and the two epicycles in Brudzewski's model.<ref name=":0" />

Brudzewski was aware of the possibility of linear motions from circular motions based on his model of Mercury's motion. This could be an alternative way that Copernicus generated his idea of linear motion for the Tusi couple. Although it seems that Copernicus used Albert's ideas, he highly relied on Islamic sources for the Tusi couple. Copernicus's parameters for the moon are exactly the same as those of Ibn al-Shatir. It is unclear where Copernicus truly got his ideas.<ref name=":0" />

On philosophy

Brudzewski was nominalist, but defended humanism.<ref name=":7" /> Along with Cracow Academy, Brudzewski sided with the advocates of philosophical realism in the defense of scholasticism.<ref name=":7" />

In popular culture

A fictionalized version of Albert Brudzewski is the protagonist of the final part of the 2020 manga series Orb: On the Movements of the Earth, which was adapted into an anime in 2024.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

References

Further references

• "Brudzewski, Wojciech, [or] Wojciech z Brudzewa," Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (PWN Universal Encyclopedia), Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1973, vol. 1, p. 353.
• M. Iłowiecki, Dzieje nauki polskiej (History of Polish Science), Warsaw, 1981.
• Zbigniew Lenartowicz, Kaliszanie w Warszawie (Kaliszians in Warsaw), no. 32/33, 2002.
• Józef Retinger, Polacy w cywilizacjach świata (Poles in the World's Civilizations), Warsaw, 1937.
• Tadeusz Rójek, Sławni i nieznani (The Famous and the Unknown).
• Michela Malpangotto, La critique de l'univers de Peurbach développée par Albert de Brudzewo a-t-elle influencé Copernic ? Un nouveau regard sur les réflexions astronomiques au XVe siècle, Almagest, 41/1, 2013, pp. 1–47.
• Michela Malpangotto, The original motivation for Copernicus' research: Albert of Brudzewo's Commentariolum super Theoricas novas Georgii Purbachii, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 70/4, 2016, pp. 361–411.
• Michela Malpangotto, Theoricae novae planetarum Georgii Peurbachii dans l'histoire de l'astronomie — Sources — Édition critique avec traduction française — Commentaire technique — Diffusion du XVe au XVIIe siècle, Paris, CNRS Éditions, 2020.

External links

• Template:Commons category-inline
• Adler Planetarium Template:Webarchive
• (https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222403/http://www.info.kalisz.pl/Biograf/Wojciechzb.htm) Biographical note on Wojciech of Brudzewo