Incubator escapee wiki

Alice Munro

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:Use Canadian English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox writer

Alice Ann Munro Template:Post-nominals (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:Née Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; 10 July 1931 – 13 May 2024) was a Canadian short story writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013. Her work tends to move forward and backward in time, with integrated short story cycles.

Munro's fiction is most often set in her native Huron County in southwestern Ontario. Her stories explore human complexities in a simple but meticulous prose style. Munro received the Man Booker International Prize in 2009 for her life's work. She was also a three-time winner of Canada's Governor General's Award for Fiction, and received the Writers' Trust of Canada's 1996 Marian Engel Award and the 2004 Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize for Runaway. She stopped writing around 2013 and died at her home in 2024.

Early lifeEdit

Munro was born Alice Ann Laidlaw in Wingham, Ontario. Her father, Robert Eric Laidlaw, was a fox and mink farmer,<ref>Template:Cite periodical</ref> and later turned to turkey farming.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Her mother, Anne Clarke Laidlaw (née Chamney), was a schoolteacher. She was of Irish and Scottish descent; her father was a descendant of Scottish poet James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref>

Munro began writing as a teenager, publishing her first story, "The Dimensions of a Shadow", in 1950 while studying English and journalism at the University of Western Ontario on a two-year scholarship.<ref name="Westernnews">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During this period she worked as a waitress, a tobacco picker, and a library clerk.<ref name="tgriches">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1951, she left the university, where she had been majoring in English since 1949,<ref name="tgriches"/> to marry fellow student James Munro.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They moved to Dundarave, West Vancouver, for James' job in a department store. In 1963, the couple moved to Victoria, where they opened Munro's Books, which still operates.<ref> Template:Cite news</ref>

She had four children with James Munro (one died shortly after birth),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and when the children were still young she would attempt to write whenever she could; her husband encouraged her by sending her into the book shop while he looked after the children and cooked.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1961, after she had had a few stories published in small magazines, the Vancouver Sun ran a brief article on her, titled "Housewife Finds Time to Write Short Stories", and called her the "least praised good writer".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She found it difficult, even with her husband's help, to find the time among "the pile up of unavoidable household jobs" to write, and found it easier to concentrate on short stories, rather than the novels her publisher wanted her to write.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CareerEdit

Munro's first collection of stories, Dance of the Happy Shades (1968), won the Governor General's Award, then Canada's highest literary prize.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> That success was followed by Lives of Girls and Women (1971), a collection of interlinked stories. In 1978, Munro's collection of interlinked stories Who Do You Think You Are? was published. This book earned Munro a second Governor General's Literary Award<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize for Fiction in 1980 under its international title, The Beggar Maid.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

From 1979 to 1982, Munro toured Australia, China and Scandinavia for public appearances and readings.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1980, she held the position of writer in residence at both the University of British Columbia and the University of Queensland.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

From the 1980s to 2012, Munro published a short story collection at least once every four years. First versions of Munro's stories appeared in journals such as The Atlantic Monthly, Grand Street, Harper's Magazine, Mademoiselle, The New Yorker, Narrative Magazine, and The Paris Review. Her collections have been translated into 13 languages.<ref name=HappyShadesVintage1998>Preface. Dance of the Happy Shades. Alice Munro. First Vintage contemporaries Edition, August 1998. Template:ISBN Vintage Books, A Division of Random House, Inc. New York City.</ref> In 2013, Munro was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, cited as a "master of the contemporary short story".<ref name="nobelprize.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was the first Canadian and the 13th woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.<ref>Saul Bellow, the 1976 laureate, was born in Canada, but he moved to the United States at age nine and became a US citizen at twenty-six.</ref>

Munro had a longtime association with editor and publisher Douglas Gibson.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> When Gibson left Macmillan of Canada in 1986 to launch the Douglas Gibson Books imprint at McClelland & Stewart, Munro returned the advance Macmillan had paid her for The Progress of Love so that she could follow Gibson to the new company.<ref>"Munro follows publisher Gibson from Macmillan". Toronto Star, 30 April 1986.</ref> When Gibson published his memoirs in 2011, Munro wrote the introduction, and Gibson often made public appearances on Munro's behalf when her health prevented her from appearing personally.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Almost 20 of Munro's works have been made available for free on the web, in most cases only the first versions.<ref>Which of the stories have free Web versions.</ref>Template:Circular reference From the period before 2003, 16 stories have been included in Munro's own compilations more than twice, with two of her works scoring four republications: "Carried Away" and "Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage". Template:Crossreference

Film adaptations of Munro's short stories include Martha, Ruth and Edie (1988), Edge of Madness (2002), Away from Her (2006), Hateship, Loveship (2013) and Julieta (2016).<ref name=NYTobit> Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Wapo/>

WritingEdit

Many of Munro's stories are set in Huron County, Ontario.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Strong regional focus is one of her fiction's features. Asked after she won the Nobel Prize, "What can be so interesting in describing small town Canadian life?", she replied: "You just have to be there."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Another feature is an omniscient narrator. Many compare her small-town settings to writers from the rural American South. Her characters often confront deep-rooted customs and traditions. Much of her work exemplifies the Southern Ontario Gothic literary subgenre.<ref>Susanne Becker, Gothic Forms of Feminine Fictions. Manchester University Press, 1999.</ref>

A frequent theme of her work, especially her early stories, is the girl coming of age and coming to terms with her family and small hometown.<ref name=NYTobit/> In work such as Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) she shifted her focus to the travails of middle age, women alone, and the elderly.<ref name=Wapo/> Munro's stories explore human complexities in an uncomplicated prose style.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her prose reveals the ambiguities of life: "ironic and serious at the same time", "mottoes of godliness and honor and flaming bigotry", "special, useless knowledge", "tones of shrill and happy outrage", "the bad taste, the heartlessness, the joy of it". Her style juxtaposes the fantastic and the ordinary, with each undercutting the other in ways that simply and effortlessly evoke life.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Robert Thacker wrote:

<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

Munro's writing creates ... an empathetic union among readers, critics most apparent among them. We are drawn to her writing by its verisimilitude—not of mimesis, so-called and ... "realism"—but rather the feeling of being itself ... of just being a human being.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries

}}

{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}

Many critics have written that Munro's stories often have the emotional and literary depth of novels. Some have asked whether Munro actually writes short stories or novels. Alex Keegan, writing in Eclectica Magazine, answered: "Who cares? In most Munro stories there is as much as in many novels."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The first PhD thesis on Munro's work was published in 1972.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The first book-length volume collecting the papers presented at the University of Waterloo's first conference on her work, The Art of Alice Munro: Saying the Unsayable, was published in 1984.<ref name=jsse55>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 2003/2004, the journal Open Letter. Canadian quarterly review of writing and sources published 14 contributions on Munro's work. In 2010, the Journal of the Short Story in English (JSSE)/Les cahiers de la nouvelle dedicated a special issue to Munro, and in 2012, an issue of the journal Narrative focused on a single story by Munro, "Passion" (2004), with an introduction, summary of the story, and five analytical essays.<ref name=jsse55 />

Creating new versionsEdit

Munro published variant versions of her stories, sometimes within a short span of time. Her stories "Save the Reaper" and "Passion" came out in two different versions in the same year, in 1998 and 2004 respectively. Two other stories were republished in a variant version about 30 years apart, "Home" (1974/2006/2014) and "Wood" (1980/2009). Template:Crossreference

In 2006, Ann Close and Lisa Dickler Awano reported that Munro had not wanted to reread the galleys of Runaway (2004): "No, because I'll rewrite the stories." In their symposium contribution An Appreciation of Alice Munro, they say that Munro wrote eight versions of her story "Powers", for example.<ref>An Appreciation of Alice Munro Template:Webarchive, by Ann Close and Lisa Dickler Awano, Compiler and Editor. In: The Virginia Quarterly Review. VQR Symposium on Alice Munro. Summer 2006, pp. 102–105.</ref>

Awano writes that "Wood" is a good example of how Munro, "a tireless self-editor",<ref name ="Awano 2012">Lisa Dickler Awano, Kindling The Creative Fire: Alice Munro's Two Versions of "Wood" Template:Webarchive, New Haven Review, 30 May 2012.</ref> rewrites and revises a story, in this case returning to it for a second publication nearly 30 years later, revising characterizations, themes, and perspectives, as well as rhythmic syllables, a conjunction or a punctuation mark. The characters change, too. Inferring from the perspective they take on things, they are middle-aged in 1980, and older in 2009. Awano perceives a heightened lyricism brought about not least by the poetic precision of Munro's revision.<ref name ="Awano 2012" /> The 2009 version has eight sections to the 1980 version's three, and a new ending. Awano writes that Munro literally "refinishes" the first take on the story with an ambiguity characteristic of her endings, and reimagines her stories throughout her work in various ways.<ref name ="Awano 2012" />

Personal lifeEdit

Munro married James Munro in 1951.<ref name=NYTobit/> Their daughters Sheila, Catherine, and Jenny were born in 1953, 1955, and 1957, respectively; Catherine died the day of her birth due to a kidney dysfunction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In September 1966, their youngest daughter, Andrea Sarah, was born.<ref name=NYTobit/>

In 1963, the Munros moved to Victoria, where they opened Munro's Books, a popular bookstore that remains in business.<ref name=NYTobit/> Alice and James Munro divorced in 1972.<ref name=NYTobit/>

Munro returned to Ontario to become writer in residence at the University of Western Ontario, and in 1976, received an honorary LLD from the institution. In 1976, she married Gerald Fremlin, a cartographer and geographer she met during her university days.<ref name="Westernnews"/> The couple moved to a farm outside Clinton, Ontario, and later to a house in Clinton, where Fremlin died on 17 April 2013, aged 88.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Munro and Fremlin also owned a home in Comox, British Columbia.<ref name=HappyShadesVintage1998/>

In 2009, Munro revealed that she had received treatment for cancer and for a heart condition requiring coronary artery bypass surgery.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2002, Sheila Munro published a childhood memoir, Lives of Mothers and Daughters: Growing Up with Alice Munro.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Munro died at her home in Port Hope, Ontario, on 13 May 2024, at age 92. She had dementia for at least 12 years.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Child sexual abuse by partner Gerald FremlinEdit

On 7 July 2024, shortly after Munro's death, her youngest daughter, Andrea Skinner, revealed in an essay in the Toronto Star that her stepfather, Gerald Fremlin, had sexually abused her starting in 1976 when she was nine years old and ending when she became a teenager. She told Munro about the abuse in 1992. After learning of the abuse, Munro separated from Fremlin for a few months, but ultimately went back to him.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name="whatMunroKnew"/> According to Skinner, Munro said that she had been "told too late", loved her husband too much, and wanted to stay with him.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2002, Skinner cut off contact with Munro after Munro objected to Skinner not wanting Fremlin near her own children.<ref name="whatMunroKnew">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="munrosPassiveVoice"/> In 2005, Fremlin pleaded guilty to sexual assault and received a suspended sentence and two years' probation.<ref name="munrosPassiveVoice"/><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Munro's other family members continued regular contact with Munro and Fremlin, while Skinner became estranged from all of them until after Munro's death.<ref name="whatMunroKnew"/><ref name="munrosPassiveVoice">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

For The New York Times, Giles Harvey wrote: "Munro's stories—particularly those from the years after she learned of the abuse—are full of violated children, negligent mothers and marriages founded on secrets and lies... Munro seems to have spent much of her career absorbed by the same questions that readers have asked since Andrea published her essay. Why did she not protect her daughter? What led her to take Fremlin back? How could a writer who was capable of such power on the page prove so feeble in real life?"<ref name="whatMunroKnew"/> Articles in The New Yorker and The New Republic note that many of Munro's stories written afterward relate to the topic, such as "Vandals", in which a woman vandalizes the house of a couple where the man molested her as a child, and "Dimension", in which a woman defends her desire to keep making jail visits to the husband who killed their three children.<ref name="munrosPassiveVoice"/><ref name="tnr">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Munro's biographer Robert Thacker was aware of the allegations, but did not mention them in his 2005 biography of her, though Skinner contacted him with her story shortly before it was published.<ref name="literaryWorldGrapples">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="washpost">Template:Cite news</ref> Others had worked with Munro and were aware of Skinner’s experience, but did not make it public. This included Douglas Gibson, Munro's editor and publisher.<ref name="munrosPassiveVoice"/><ref name="washpost"/> Lawyer Robert Morris, who prosecuted Fremlin in his 2005 conviction, theorized that Fremlin's abuse went unreported for so long because "everyone was protecting the mother".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LegacyEdit

Munro's work has been described as having revolutionized the short story, especially in its tendency to move forward and backward in time, and with integrated short story cycles, in which she displayed "inarguable virtuosity".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Her stories have been said to "embed more than announce, reveal more than parade".<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Munro was seen as a pioneer in short story telling, with the Swedish Academy calling her a "master of the contemporary short story" who could "accommodate the entire epic complexity of the novel in just a few short pages".<ref name=APobit>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In her New York Times obituary, Munro's works were credited for "attracting a new generation of readers" and she was called a "master of the short story".<ref name=NYTobit/> Her work is often compared with that of the most critically acclaimed short story writers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Her works and career have been ranked alongside other well-established short story writers such as Anton Chekhov and John Cheever.<ref name=APobit/> As in Chekhov, Garan Holcombe writes: "All is based on the epiphanic moment, the sudden enlightenment, the concise, subtle, revelatory detail." Her work deals with "love and work, and the failings of both. She shares Chekhov's obsession with time and our much-lamented inability to delay or prevent its relentless movement forward."<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Munro's work has been considered a "national treasure" of Canada as it focuses largely on life in rural Canada from a woman's perspective.<ref name=BBCobit>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref> Template:Cite news</ref>

Canadian novelist Margaret Atwood called Munro a "pioneer for women, and for Canadians".<ref name=APobit/> The Associated Press said that Munro created "stories set around Canada that appealed to readers far away."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sherry Linkon, professor at Georgetown University, said that Munro's works "helped remodel and revitalize the short-story form".<ref name=Wapo>Template:Cite news</ref> The complexity of the themes explored in her work, such as womanhood, death, relationships, aging, and themes associated with the counterculture of the 1960s, were seen as groundbreaking.<ref name=NYTobit/><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Upon winning the Man Booker International Prize, her works were described by judges of the committee as bringing "as much depth, wisdom and precision to every story as most novelists bring to a lifetime of novels".<ref name=BBCobit/>

The news of the sexual abuse of Munro's daughter caused a reassessment of both Munro's life and her literary legacy.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Novelist Rebecca Makkai wrote, "the revelations don't just defile the artist, but the art itself".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Writer Brandon Taylor said, "I think we cannot talk about Munro's art without also talking about this aspect of her life".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Selected awards and honoursEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1971: Canadian Booksellers Award for Lives of Girls and Women<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1977: Canada-Australia Literary Prize, inaugural prize<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nobelprize.org" /> Additionally, she was awarded the O. Henry Award for continuing achievement in short fiction in the U.S. for "Passion" (2006), "What Do You Want To Know For" (2008) and "Corrie" (2012)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HonoursEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2005: Medal of Honor for Literature from the U.S. National Arts Club<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2014: Silver coin released by the Royal Canadian Mint in honour of Munro's Nobel Prize win<ref>

Template:Cite news</ref>

  • 2015: Postage stamp released by Canada Post in honour of Munro's Nobel Prize win<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

WorksEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Original short story collectionsEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Short story compilationsEdit

  • Selected Stories (later retitled Selected Stories 1968–1994 and A Wilderness Station: Selected Stories, 1968–1994) – 1996<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Vintage Munro – 2004<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Alice Munro's Best: A Selection of Stories – Toronto 2006 / Carried Away: A Selection of Stories – New York 2006; both 17 stories (spanning 1977–2004) with an introduction by Margaret Atwood<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • My Best Stories – 2009<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

Further readingEdit

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

External linksEdit

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project 

 | name/{{#if:{{#invoke:ustring|match|1=0613084|2=^nm}}
   | Template:Trim/
   | nm0613084/
   }}
 | {{#if: {{#property:P345}}
   | name/Template:First word/
   | find?q=%7B%7B%23if%3A+%0A++++++%7C+%7B%7B%7Bname%7D%7D%7D%0A++++++%7C+%5B%5B%3ATemplate%3APAGENAMEBASE%5D%5D%0A++++++%7D%7D&s=nm
   }}
 }}{{#if:  0613084 {{#property:P345}} | {{#switch: 
 | award | awards = awards Awards for | biography | bio = bio Biography for
 }}}} {{#if: 
 | {{{name}}}
 | Template:PAGENAMEBASE
 }}] at IMDb{{#if: 0613084{{#property:P345}}
 | Template:EditAtWikidata
 | Template:Main other

}}{{#switch:{{#invoke:string2|matchAny|^nm.........|^nm.......|nm|.........|source=0613084|plain=false}} 

 | 1 | 3 =  Template:Main otherTemplate:Preview warning
 | 4 = Template:Main otherTemplate:Preview warning

}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:IMDb name with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|showblankpositional=1| 1 | 2 | id | name | section }}

|CitationClass=web }}

Template:Alice Munro Template:Giller Prize Template:Governor General's English fiction Template:Marian Engel Award Template:Nobel Prize in Literature Template:2013 Nobel Prize winners Template:International Booker Prize

Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://zalansite.site/mediawiki/index.php?title=Alice_Munro&oldid=188536"