Alpinia
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox Alpinia is a genus of flowering plants in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. Species are native to Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands, where they occur in tropical and subtropical climates.<ref name=china>Alpinia. Flora of China.</ref> Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants.<ref name=fna>Alpinia. Flora of North America.</ref>
TaxonomyEdit
The genus was erected by the Scottish botanist William Roxburgh in 1810, and published in the journal Asiatic Researches.Template:R It is named after Prospero Alpini, a 17th-century Italian botanist who specialized in exotic plants.Template:R Species of the genus are known generally as shell gingers.Template:R
- Alpinia hainanensis ' Shengzhen' w2.jpg
Alpinia hainanensis 'Shengzhen'
- Alpinia hainanensis ' Shengzhen' 33.jpg
Alpinia hainanensis 'Shengzhen'
DescriptionEdit
These herbs lack true stems, but have pseudostems usually up to about Template:Convert long which are composed of the overlapping leaf sheaths.<ref name=china/><ref name=fna/> A few species have been known to reach Template:Convert.<ref name=kress>Kress, W. J., et al. (2005). "The molecular phylogeny of Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): a complex and polyphyletic genus of gingers". American Journal of Botany 92(1), 167-78.</ref> They grow from thick rhizomes. The leaves are lance-shaped to oblong. The inflorescence takes the form of a spike, a panicle, or a raceme. It may be hooded in bracts and bracteoles. The flower has a shallowly toothed calyx which is sometimes split on one side. The flower corolla is a cylindrical tube with three lobes at the mouth, the middle lobe larger and hoodlike in some taxa. There is one fertile stamen and two staminodes, which are often joined into a petal-like labellum, a structure that is inconspicuous in some species and quite showy in others. The fruit is a rounded, dry or fleshy capsule.<ref name=china/><ref name=fna/> The plants are generally aromatic due to their essential oils.<ref>Victório, C. P. (2011). "Therapeutic value of the genus Alpinia, Zingiberaceae". Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 21(1), 194-201.</ref>
SpeciesEdit
This is the largest genus in the ginger family,<ref name=kress/> with 248 species and 2 hybrids accepted by Plants of the World Online Template:As of.<ref name="Powo"/> A number of those are commonly grown for their flowers, including red ginger, and others are used as spices, including Galangal.
Accepted speciesEdit
- Alpinia abundiflora Template:Small
- Alpinia acuminata Template:Small
- Alpinia adana Template:Small
- Alpinia aenea Template:Small
- Alpinia albipurpurea Template:Small
- Alpinia amentacea Template:Small
- Alpinia apoensis Template:Small
- Alpinia aquatica Template:Small
- Alpinia arctiflora Template:Small
- Alpinia arfakensis Template:Small
- Alpinia argentea Template:Small
- Alpinia arundelliana Template:Small
- Alpinia asmy Template:Small
- Alpinia assimilis Template:Small
- Alpinia athroantha Template:Small
- Alpinia austrosinense Template:Small
- Alpinia bambusifolia Template:Small
- Alpinia beamanii Template:Small
- Alpinia biakensis Template:Small
- Alpinia bodenii Template:Small
- Alpinia boia Template:Small
- Alpinia boninsimensis Template:Small
- Alpinia borraginoides Template:Small
- Alpinia brachyantha Template:Small
- Alpinia brevilabris Template:Small
- Alpinia breviligulata Template:Small
- Alpinia brevis Template:Small
- Alpinia caerulea Template:Small
- Alpinia calcarata Template:Small
- Alpinia calcicola Template:Small
- Alpinia calycodes Template:Small
- Alpinia capitellata Template:Small
- Alpinia carinata Template:Small
- Alpinia carolinensis Template:Small
- Alpinia celebica Template:Small
- Alpinia chaunocolea Template:Small
- Alpinia chinensis Template:Small
- Alpinia chrysorachis Template:Small
- Alpinia coeruleoviridis Template:Small
- Alpinia conchigera Template:Small
- Alpinia condensata Template:Small
- Alpinia conferta Template:Small
- Alpinia congesta Template:Small
- Alpinia conghuaensis Template:Small
- Alpinia conglomerata Template:Small
- Alpinia copelandii Template:Small
- Alpinia coriacea Template:Small
- Alpinia coriandriodora Template:Small
- Alpinia corneri Template:Small
- Alpinia cumingii Template:Small
- Alpinia cylindrocephala Template:Small
- Alpinia dasystachys Template:Small
- Alpinia dekockii Template:Small
- Alpinia densibracteata Template:Small
- Alpinia densiflora Template:Small
- Alpinia denticulata Template:Small
- Alpinia diffissa Template:Small
- Alpinia divaricata Template:Small
- Alpinia diversifolia Template:Small
- Alpinia domatifera Template:Small
- Alpinia elegans Template:Small
- Alpinia elmeri Template:Small
- Alpinia emaculata Template:Small
- Alpinia epiphytica Template:Small
- Alpinia eremochlamys Template:Small
- Alpinia euastra Template:Small
- Alpinia eubractea Template:Small
- Alpinia fax Template:Small
- Alpinia flabellata Template:Small
- Alpinia flagellaris Template:Small
- Alpinia formosana Template:Small
- Alpinia foxworthyi Template:Small
- Alpinia fusiformis Template:Small
- Alpinia gagnepainii Template:Small
- Alpinia galanga Template:Small
- Alpinia gigantea Template:Small
- Alpinia glabra Template:Small
- Alpinia glabrescens Template:Small
- Alpinia glacicaerulea Template:Small
- Alpinia globosa Template:Small
- Alpinia gracillima Template:Small
- Alpinia graminea Template:Small
- Alpinia guinanensis Template:Small
- Alpinia haenkei Template:Small
- Alpinia hagena Template:Small
- Alpinia hainanensis Template:Small
- Alpinia hansenii Template:Small
- Alpinia havilandii Template:Small
- Alpinia hibinoi Template:Small
- Alpinia himantoglossa Template:Small
- Alpinia hirsuta Template:Small
- Alpinia hoangviet Template:Small
- Alpinia hongiaoensis Template:Small
- Alpinia horneana Template:Small
- Alpinia hulstijnii Template:Small
- Alpinia hylandii Template:Small
- Alpinia illustris Template:Small
- Alpinia inaequalis Template:Small
- Alpinia intermedia Template:Small
- Alpinia janowskii Template:Small
- Alpinia japonica Template:Small
- Alpinia javanica Template:Small
- Alpinia jianganfeng Template:Small
- Alpinia jingxiensis Template:Small
- Alpinia juliformis Template:Small
- Alpinia kawakamii Template:Small
- Alpinia kiungensis Template:Small
- Alpinia klossii Template:Small
- Alpinia koidzumiana Template:Small
- Alpinia koshunensis Template:Small
- Alpinia kusshakuensis Template:Small
- Alpinia kwangsiensis Template:Small
- Alpinia lalashanensis Template:Small
- Alpinia laosensis Template:Small
- Alpinia latilabris Template:Small
- Alpinia lauterbachii Template:Small
- Alpinia laxisecunda Template:Small
- Alpinia leptostachya Template:Small
- Alpinia ligulata Template:Small
- Alpinia ludwigiana Template:Small
- Alpinia maclurei Template:Small
- Alpinia macrocephala Template:Small
- Alpinia macrocrista Template:Small
- Alpinia macroscaphis Template:Small
- Alpinia macrostaminodia Template:Small
- Alpinia macrostephana Template:Small
- Alpinia macroura Template:Small
- Alpinia malaccensis Template:Small
- Alpinia manii Template:Small
- Alpinia manostachys Template:Small
- Alpinia martini Template:Small
- Alpinia maxii Template:Small
- Alpinia melichroa Template:Small
- Alpinia menghaiensis Template:Small
- Alpinia mesanthera Template:Small
- Alpinia microlophon Template:Small
- Alpinia modesta Template:Small
- Alpinia mollis Template:Small
- Alpinia mollissima Template:Small
- Alpinia monopleura Template:Small
- Alpinia multispica Template:Small
- Alpinia murdochii Template:Small
- Alpinia musifolia Template:Small
- Alpinia mutica Template:Small
- Alpinia myriocratera Template:Small
- Alpinia nantoensis Template:Small
- Alpinia napoensis Template:Small
- Alpinia nelumboides Template:Small
- Alpinia newmanii Template:Small
- Alpinia nidus-vespae Template:Small
- Alpinia nieuwenhuizii Template:Small
- Alpinia nigra Template:Small
- Alpinia nobilis Template:Small
- Alpinia novae-hiberniae Template:Small
- Alpinia novae-pommeraniae Template:Small
- Alpinia nutans Template:Small
- Alpinia oblongifolia Template:Small
- Alpinia odontonema Template:Small
- Alpinia officinarum Template:Small
- Alpinia oligantha Template:Small
- Alpinia orientalis Template:Small
- Alpinia orthostachys Template:Small
- Alpinia oui Template:Small
- Alpinia ovata Template:Small
- Alpinia ovoidocarpa Template:Small
- Alpinia oxymitra Template:Small
- Alpinia oxyphylla Template:Small
- Alpinia padacanca Template:Small
- Alpinia pahangensis Template:Small
- Alpinia papuana Template:Small
- Alpinia parksii Template:Small
- Alpinia penduliflora Template:Small
- Alpinia petiolata Template:Small
- Alpinia pinnanensis Template:Small
- Alpinia platychilus Template:Small
- Alpinia platylopha Template:Small
- Alpinia polyantha Template:Small
- Alpinia porphyrea Template:Small
- Alpinia porphyrocarpa Template:Small
- Alpinia pricei Template:Small
- Alpinia psilogyna Template:Small
- Alpinia ptychanthera Template:Small
- Alpinia pubiflora Template:Small
- Alpinia pulchella Template:Small
- Alpinia pulcherrima Template:Small
- Alpinia pulchra Template:Small
- Alpinia pumila Template:Small
- Alpinia purpurata Template:Small
- Alpinia pusilla Template:Small
- Alpinia rafflesiana Template:Small
- Alpinia regia Template:Small
- Alpinia rigida Template:Small
- Alpinia romblonensis Template:Small
- Alpinia romburghiana Template:Small
- Alpinia rosacea Template:Small
- Alpinia rosea Template:Small
- Alpinia roxburghii Template:Small
- Alpinia rubricaulis Template:Small
- Alpinia rubromaculata Template:Small
- Alpinia rufa Template:Small
- Alpinia rufescens Template:Small
- Alpinia rugosa Template:Small
- Alpinia salomonensis Template:Small
- Alpinia samoensis Template:Small
- Alpinia sandsii Template:Small
- Alpinia scabra Template:Small
- Alpinia schultzei Template:Small
- Alpinia seimundii Template:Small
- Alpinia sericiflora Template:Small
- Alpinia sessiliflora Template:Small
- Alpinia shimadae Template:Small
- Alpinia shoukaensis Template:Small
- Alpinia siamensis Template:Small
- Alpinia sibuyanensis Template:Small
- Alpinia singuliflora Template:Small
- Alpinia smithiae Template:Small
- Alpinia stachyodes Template:Small
- Alpinia stenobracteolata Template:Small
- Alpinia stenostachys Template:Small
- Alpinia strobilacea Template:Small
- Alpinia strobiliformis Template:Small
- Alpinia subfusicarpa Template:Small
- Alpinia submutica Template:Small
- Alpinia subspicata Template:Small
- Alpinia subverticillata Template:Small
- Alpinia superba Template:Small
- Alpinia suriana Template:Small
- Alpinia tamacuensis Template:Small
- Alpinia tonkinensis Template:Small
- Alpinia tonrokuensis Template:Small
- Alpinia trachyascus Template:Small
- Alpinia tristachya Template:Small
- Alpinia unilateralis Template:Small
- Alpinia uraiensis Template:Small
- Alpinia valetoniana Template:Small
- Alpinia velutina Template:Small
- Alpinia velveta Template:Small
- Alpinia versicolor Template:Small
- Alpinia vietnamica Template:Small
- Alpinia vitellina Template:Small
- Alpinia vitiensis Template:Small
- Alpinia vittata Template:Small
- Alpinia vulcanica Template:Small
- Alpinia warburgii Template:Small
- Alpinia wenzelii Template:Small
- Alpinia werneri Template:Small
- Alpinia womersleyi Template:Small
- Alpinia zerumbet Template:Small
Accepted hybridsEdit
DistributionEdit
The genus Alpinia is native to the countries (and regions) of; Andaman Islands, Assam, Bangladesh, Bismarck Archipelago, Bonin Islands, Borneo, Cambodia, Caroline Islands, southern China, East Himalaya, Fiji, Hainan, India, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New South Wales, Nicobar Islands, Philippines, Queensland, Ryukyu Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vanuatu, Vietnam and Volcano Islands.<ref name="Powo"/>
EcologyEdit
Most Alpinia are plants of forest understory habitat. Most are pollinated by large bees, but some are pollinated by birds and bats.<ref name=kress/>
UsesEdit
According to a research team of National Chung Hsing University, Alpinia was found to have anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-tumor and other effects.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
GalleryEdit
- Alpinia Calcarata.jpg
- Alpinia galanga2.JPG
- Alpinia caerulea fruit.jpg
- Alpinia calcarata.jpg
- 月桃.jpg
- Alpinia purpurata Martnique.jpg
- Alpinia hainanensis ' Shengzhen' 22.jpg
Alpinia hainanensis "Shengzhen" from Flower View