Ambrym

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Ambrym is a volcanic island in Malampa Province in the archipelago of Vanuatu. Volcanic activity on the island includes lava lakes in two craters near the summit.

EtymologyEdit

Ambrym (also known as Ambrin,<ref name="Geographic">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> "ham rim" in the Ranon language)<ref name="Vanuatuparadise">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was allegedly named by Captain Cook, who is said to have anchored off there in 1774. In fact, his expedition never touched Ambrym.Template:Citation needed

GeographyEdit

Located near the center of the Vanuatuan archipelago, Ambrym is roughly triangular in shape, about Template:Convert wide.<ref name="Seach">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> With Template:Convert of surface area, it is the fifth largest island in the country. The summit at the centre of the island is dominated by a desert-like caldera, which covers an area of Template:Convert.<ref name=gvp/> With the exception of human settlements, the rest of the island is covered by a dense jungle.<ref name="Seach"/>

Important Bird AreaEdit

The western part of the island, comprising 17,605 ha of forest, together with gardens around habitation, has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of Vanuatu megapodes, Tanna fruit doves, red-bellied fruit doves, grey-eared honeyeaters, cardinal myzomelas, fan-tailed gerygones, long-tailed trillers, streaked fantails, Melanesian flycatchers, buff-bellied monarchs and Vanuatu white-eyes.<ref name=bli>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

VolcanologyEdit

File:Ambrym volcano.jpg

Ash plume from Ambrym Volcano, October 4, 2004

Ambrym is a large basaltic volcano with a 12-km-wide caldera, and is one of the most active volcanoes of the New Hebrides volcanic arc. The caldera is the result of a huge Plinian eruption, which took place around AD 50. Its explosive force is rated 6, the third highest in the Smithsonian Institution's Volcanic Explosivity Index ranks of the largest volcanic explosions in recent geological history.<ref name="VEI"/>

While at higher elevations cinder cones predominate, the western tip of the island is characterized by a series of basaltic tuff rings, of which the largest is about Template:Convert in diameter. These were produced by phreatic eruptions when magma contacted the water table and water-saturated sediments along the coast.<ref name="Volcanophotos"/> The massive, 1900-year-old, Template:Convert × Template:Convert caldera is the site of two active volcanic cones, Benbow and Marum (also spelled Maroum).<ref name=gvp/> Mount Benbow was named after English Admiral John Benbow (1653–1702) by Captain Cook.

Several times a century, Ambrym volcano has destructive eruptions. Mount Benbow last erupted explosively in 1913, destroying the mission hospital at Dip Point. Volcanic gas emissions from this volcano are measured by a Multi-Component Gas Analyzer System, which detects pre-eruptive degassing of rising magmas, improving prediction of volcanic activity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In March 2017, Google added Marum crater with its lava lakes to Google Streetview.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since the last fissure eruption on 16 Dec 2018, the lava lake has disappeared.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DemographicsEdit

With the neighbouring island of Malakula and a few smaller islands, Ambrym forms Malampa Province. The population of 7,275 inhabitants <ref>2009 National Census of Population and Housing, Vanuatu National Statistics Office</ref> lives mainly off coconut plantations in the three corners of the island.

File:Ambrym woodcarver.jpg

An Ambrym woodcarver, circa 1925

LanguagesEdit

Like many islands in Vanuatu, Ambrym has its own Austronesian languages.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In the north:

In the southeast:

Vatlongos (Southeast Ambrym language)

In the southwest:

Towns and villagesEdit

SouthwestEdit

Fali, Craig Cove, Baiap, Sesivi, Port Vato, Bwele, Lalinda, Tow, Yaotilie, Sanesup, Emiotungan, Maranata and Pelibetakever

SoutheastEdit

Maat, Paamal, Toak, Uléi, Utas, Tavéak, Asé, Pawé, Saméo, Endu, Pahakol and Benebo

NorthEdit

Ranuetlam, Ranon, Olal, Fanla, Linboul, Wilit, Lonwara, Fona, Nebul and Megham

TourismEdit

Tourists are attracted by Ambrym's active volcanoes, tropical vegetation, and the customs of the local villagers. They stay in traditional bungalows, as there are no hotels on the island.<ref name="Vanuatuparadise"/>