Amr Moussa

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}}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#if:||{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox officeholder with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| regexp1 = 1blankname[%d]* | regexp2 = 1namedata[%d]* | regexp3 = 2blankname[%d]* | regexp4 = 2namedata[%d]* | regexp5 = 3blankname[%d]* | regexp6 = 3namedata[%d]* | regexp7 = 4blankname[%d]* | regexp8 = 4namedata[%d]* | regexp9 = 5blankname[%d]* | regexp10 = 5namedata[%d]* | allegiance | alma_mater | regexp11 = alongside[%d]* | alt | regexp12 = ambassador_from[%d]* | regexp13 = appointed[%d]* | regexp14 = appointer[%d]* | regexp15 = assembly[%d]* | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | regexp16 = blank[%d]* | bodyclass | branch | branch_label | cabinet | candidate | caption | categories | regexp17 = chancellor[%d]* | children | citizenship | regexp18 = co%-leader[%d]* | commands | committees | regexp19 = constituency[%d]* | regexp20 = constituency_AM[%d]* | regexp21 = constituency_MP[%d]* | regexp22 = convocation[%d]* | regexp23 = country[%d]* | regexp24 = data[%d]* | date | death_cause | death_date | death_manner | death_place | demo | regexp25 = deputy[%d]* | regexp26 = district[%d]* | education | election_date | embed | father | regexp28 = firstminister[%d]* | footnotes | regexp29 = governor[%d]* | regexp30 = governor_general[%d]* | regexp31 = governor%-general[%d]* | height | honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix | image | image name | image_name_alt | image_size | imagesize | image_upright | incumbent | regexp32 = jr/sr[%d]* | regexp33 = jr/sr and state[%d]* | known_for | regexp34 = leader[%d]* | regexp35 = legislature[%d]* | regexp36 = lieutenant[%d]* | regexp37 = lieutenant_governor[%d]* | mainwidth | regexp38 = majority[%d]* | regexp39 = majority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp40 = majority_leader[%d]* | regexp41 = majorityleader[%d]* | mawards | regexp42 = military_blank[%d]* | regexp43 = military_data[%d]* | regexp44 = minister[%d]* | regexp45 = minister_from[%d]* | regexp46 = minority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp47 = minority_leader[%d]* | regexp48 = minorityleader[%d]* | regexp49 = module[%d]* | regexp50 = monarch[%d]* | mother | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat | regexp51 = nominator[%d]* | nominee | occupation | regexp52 = office[%d]* | opponent | regexp53 = order[%d]* | otherparty | parents | regexp54 = parliament[%d]* | regexp55 = parliamentarygroup[%d]* | partner | party | party_election | portfolio | regexp56 = preceded[%d]* | regexp57 = preceding[%d]* | regexp58 = predecessor[%d]* | regexp59 = premier[%d]* | regexp60 = president[%d]* | regexp61 = primeminister[%d]* | regexp62 = prior_term[%d]* | profession | pronunciation | rank | rank_label | relations | relatives | residence | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | regexp63 = riding[%d]* | runningmate | salary | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | smallimage | smallimage_alt | source | speaker | speaker_office | spouse | spouses | regexp64 = state[%d]* | regexp65 = state_assembly[%d]* | regexp66 = state_delegate[%d]* | regexp67 = state_house[%d]* | regexp68 = state_legislature[%d]* | regexp69 = state_senate[%d]* | regexp70 = status[%d]* | regexp71 = suboffice[%d]* | regexp72 = subterm[%d]* | regexp73 = succeeded[%d]* | regexp74 = succeeding[%d]* | regexp75 = successor[%d]* | regexp76 = taoiseach[%d]* | regexp77 = term[%d]* | regexp78 = term_end[%d]* | regexp79 = term_label[%d]* | regexp80 = term_start[%d]* | regexp81 = termend[%d]* | regexp82 = termlabel[%d]* | regexp83 = termstart[%d]* | regexp84 = title[%d]* | unit | unit_label | regexp85 = vicegovernor[%d]* | regexp86 = vicepremier[%d]* | regexp87 = vicepresident[%d]* | regexp88 = viceprimeminister[%d]* | regexp89 = assuming[%d]* | website | width | year }} Amr Moussa (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Amr Muhammad Moussa; born 3 October 1936) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the Secretary-General of the Arab League, a 22-member forum representing Arab states, from 1 June 2001 to 1 July 2011. Previously he served in the government of Egypt as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1991 to 2001. On 8 September 2013, he was elected president of the committee of 50 that will amend the Egyptian constitution.<ref name="ao8sept">Template:Cite news</ref>

Early lifeEdit

He was born on 3 October 1936 in Cairo, Egypt, the son of former parliamentarian Muhammad Moussa. His father also had a son named Pierre during his studies in France in the 1920s. However, Moussa's half-brother Pierre is a French citizen and has no ties to Egypt.<ref>Amr Moussa: No, I don’t have an Israeli half-brother, Times of Israel, by Elhanan Miller, dated 6 April 2012.</ref>

Moussa finished his education after earning a degree in law from Cairo University in 1957.Template:Citation needed

Diplomatic careerEdit

Moussa then began his diplomatic career between 1958 and 1972 he worked in several missions, including Egypt's Embassy in Switzerland and the Egyptian mission to the United Nations. From 1974 to 1977, he was an advisor to the Minister of Foreign Affairs. From 1977 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1990, he was the Director of the Department of International Organizations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1981 to 1983, Moussa was the Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York, then from 1983 to 1986 Ambassador to India.<ref name=lat11>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1990, he was promoted Permanent Representative of Egypt to the United Nations. He was named Minister of Foreign Affairs by Prime Minister Atef Sedki on 20 May 1991. He was minister until 15 May 2001 when he was elected as Secretary-General of the Arab League.

Moussa has been heavily involved with Egypt's foreign policy since 1958. He was Egypt's ambassador to the United Nations, India, and Switzerland for a total of 21 years. Moussa was among the many Arab and international diplomats who tried to resolve the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990). After serving as Egypt's Foreign Minister from 1991 to 2001, he served as the Secretary General of the Arab League.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Moussa has been an extremely popular political figure in Egypt due to his criticism of Israeli policies towards Gaza and the West Bank.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the Forum for new diplomacy in February 2010, Moussa gave a speech in which he criticized the U.S. government's double standard supporting Israel's nuclear weapons policy but not allowing Iran to pursue nuclear energy. He also criticized Western countries, including the U.S., for not recognizing the results of the 2006 Palestinian election that brought Hamas into power.<ref name="Seale">Template:Cite news</ref> Like Mohamed El-Baradei and the Muslim Brotherhood, he supports opening the Gaza Strip/Egypt border.<ref name="Seale" /> His criticisms have made Moussa extremely popular.Template:Citation needed

Secretary-General of the Arab LeagueEdit

On 15 May 2001, Moussa was selected as Secretary-General of the League of Arab States and took office on 1 June 2001. Critics of former-President Hosni Mubarak allege that Moussa's appointment to the office of Secretary-General of the Arab League was motivated by Mubarak's desire to remove him from the public spotlight, and so he would not compete as a candidate in the 2005 presidential elections.Template:Citation needed

File:Napolitano Moussa.jpg

Amr Moussa with Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy (Cairo, 27 October 2008).

On 2003, he became a member of the United Nations High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change for International Peace and Security.Template:Citation needed

On 2009, he signed a memorandum of understanding with the Holy See and met with Pope Benedict XVI in order to strengthen joint projects and to promote peace and dialogue on a cultural and political level.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 13 June 2010, Moussa visited Gaza in a move to pressure Israel to lift its economic blockade over Hamas-ruled Gaza.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The visit by Moussa was the first by an official of the Arab League since the election of Hamas in 2007. Immediately after the Gaza flotilla raid, Moussa said the Arab League would go to the UN Security Council to demand the blockade be lifted. On 15 May 2011, Nabil Elaraby was elected as Secretary-General of the Arab League and succeeded Moussa on 1 July 2011.<ref>Template:Cite news</</ref>

Possible presidential candidaciesEdit

File:Vladimir Putin in Egypt 26-27 April 2005-9.jpg

Amr Moussa with Vladimir Putin (Cairo, 27 April 2005).

2005 presidential electionEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

In 2004, an online community gathered tens of thousands of signatures petitioning for Moussa to run in the 2005 elections, but there was no response. In a Doha Debate Forum televised by the BBC in 2006,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Moussa was asked about his presidential hopes. Moussa merely replied that he hoped to continue the recent run of successes that have occurred under his leadership at the Arab League until the end of his term.Template:Citation needed

2012 presidential electionEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Secretary General League of Arab States (4638833809).jpg

Amr Moussa with William Hague (London, 25 May 2010).

When asked in October 2009 about rumours that he might run for the presidency in 2012, Moussa did not deny his intention to run for office or rule it out, leaving the door open to speculations. He argued that "It's the right of every citizen that has the capacity and efficiency to aspire to any political office that would allow him to contribute to the service of his nation".<ref name="Amr Moussa opened the way for speculation about his candidacy for the presidency of Egypt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He further stated to the press that the qualities required to be the President of Egypt also apply to Gamal Mubarak, son of Hosni Mubarak.<ref name="Amr Moussa did not rule out running for the presidency of Egypt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He also expressed appreciation "for the confidence expressed by many people when they talk about his candidacy for the presidency and that the message reached him".<ref name="Amr Mousa to (Al-Shorouk): Every qualified citizen has the right to aspire to serve the country and become the president">Amr Mousa to (Al-Shorouk): Every qualified citizen has the right to aspire to serve the country and become the president.</ref>

File:Amr Moussa World Economic Forum 2013.jpg

Moussa during the World Economic Forum (Davos, 2013).

Moussa held talks with Mohamed El-Baradei after his return to Egypt. ManyTemplate:Who speculate that this meeting was held to discuss Constitutional reforms that will allow transparency in the election process as well as lifting restrictions on independent candidates. On 26 January 2011, at the Annual Horasis meeting in Zürich, Moussa shared strong views on the need for economic and political reforms in Egypt, and made it clear that he was considering a run.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 1 February 2011, following the announcement by President Hosni Mubarak that he would not stand in the upcoming presidential elections, Moussa told CNN that he would seriously think about standing himself as a candidate in the next few weeks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On the 8 February broadcast of Al Jazeera English's Empire, well-connected American journalist Seymour Hersh stated that Moussa was considered the U.S.'s favored "Plan B" should Mubarak resign, "whether he knows it or not."<ref>Archived at Ghostarchive Template:Cbignore and the Wayback Machine Template:Cbignore: {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref> On 11 February 2011, Al Jazeera English Online read from a Reuters report that stated Moussa was resigning from his position with the Arab League; on the day that President Mubarak resigned the presidency this furthered rumours he might make a strong bid for president when elections are announced in Egypt.Template:Citation needed On 12 February 2011, the Egyptian daily newspaper Alwafd reported that a group of Egyptian youth met with Moussa to discuss a possible nomination for the presidential election. Moussa reportedly agreed to the nomination, but stated that he would await the currently proposed constitutional reforms.<ref>ثوار يلتقون موسى وزويل لبحث"الرئاسة". Alwafd</ref>

Amr Moussa announced that he would be running as a presidential candidate on 1 March 2011.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

A poll conducted during the 2011 protests asking "who do you think should be the next President of Egypt?" showed Moussa in the lead, with 26% of respondents naming him.<ref>"Phone Survey of Cairo and Alexandria", Scribd Middle East Polls Template:Webarchive. Scribd, Retrieved 25 May 2012.</ref>

Moussa placed fifth in the election with 11.13% of the first round vote. After the election, he formed the Conference Party with which a number of smaller opposition parties aligned.

CriticismsEdit

Although credited with shaking up the Arab League's bureaucracy,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Moussa has been criticized by former and current staff members of the Arab League for his management of the organization. In his book, The League of the Arab States: what’s left of it, former Arab League and Syrian diplomat Kawkab Najib El Rayess accused Moussa of favoritism and promoting his loyalists into the high ranks of the Arab League at the expense of the more-qualified diplomats.<ref name=nasrawi>Template:Cite news</ref>

HonoursEdit

Egyptian national honoursEdit

Ribbon bar	Honour
File:EGY Order of the Nile - Grand Cordon BAR.png	Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
File:EGY Order of the Republic - Grand Cordon BAR.png	Grand Cordon of the Order of the Arab Republic of Egypt

Foreign honorsEdit

Ribbon bar	Country	Honour
File:ARG Order of the Liberator San Martin - Grand Cross BAR.png	Template:Flag	Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
File:BRA - Order of the Southern Cross - Grand Cross BAR.svg	Template:Flag	Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
File:National Order of Merit-Grand Cross (Ecuador) - ribbon bar.gif	Template:Flag	Grand Cross of National Order of Merit<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg	Template:Flag	Commander of the Legion of Honour<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 6 GrVK Stern Band.svg	Template:Flag	Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ribbon bar	Template:Flag	Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
File:JOR Order of the Renaissance GC.SVG	Template:Flag	Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Star of Palestine (Palestine) Ribbon	Template:Flag	Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Palestine<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Orden of Friendship	Template:Flag	Medal of the Order of Friendship
SWE Order of the Polar Star (after 1975) - Commander 1st Class BAR	Template:Flag	Commander 1st Class of the Order of the Polar Star<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Order of the Two Niles (Sudan) - ribbon bar	Template:Flag	First Class of the National Order of El-Nilein<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
File:Order of the Republic (Tunisia) - ribbon bar.gif	Template:Flag	Grand Officer of the Order of the Republic

Honorary degreesEdit

ADA University<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

American University of Beirut<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PublicationsEdit

Template:In lang Memoirs. 1: The Formation and the years of Diplomacy ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), ed. Dar al-Chorouq, Cairo, 2017<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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Amre Moussa Presidential Campaign Website (Arabic)
Secretary-General at League of Arab States (Arabic)
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Articles

Arab League leader says nations shouldn't fear revolts, Leila Fadel, The Washington Post, 15 February 2011
Amr Moussa launches presidential campaign, Dina Ezzat, Ahram Online, 9 March 2011
Moussa sharply criticized during first campaign trail speech, staff, Al-Masry Al-Youm, 9 March 2011
Amr Moussa, secretary general of the Arab League, Jason Burke, The Guardian, 21 March 2011, profile

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