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Anas

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Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Automatic taxobox

Anas is a genus of dabbling ducks. It includes the pintails, most teals, and the mallard and its close relatives. It formerly included additional species but following the publication of a molecular phylogenetic study in 2009 the genus was split into four separate genera.<ref name="gonzalez" /> The genus now contains 31 living species. The name Anas is the Latin for "duck".

SystematicsEdit

The genus Anas was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Anas is the Latin word for a duck.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The genus formerly included additional species. In 2009 a large molecular phylogenetic study was published that compared mitochondrial DNA sequences from ducks, geese and swans in the family Anatidae. The results confirmed some of the conclusions of earlier smaller studies and indicated that the genus as then defined was non-monophyletic.<ref name=gonzalez>Template:Cite journal</ref> Based on the results of this study, Anas was split into four proposed monophyletic genera with five species including the wigeons transferred to the resurrected genus Mareca, ten species including the shovelers and some teals transferred to the resurrected genus Spatula and the Baikal teal placed in the monotypic genus Sibirionetta.<ref name=ioc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

SpeciesEdit

There are 31 extant species recognised in the genus:<ref name=ioc/>

Image Common Name Scientific name Distribution
File:African Black Duck RWD.jpg African black duck Anas sparsa eastern and southern sub-Saharan Africa from South Africa n north to South Sudan and Ethiopia with outlying populations in western equatorial Africa, in south east Nigeria, Cameroon and Gabon.
File:Anas undulata, Pretoria country club.jpg Yellow-billed duck Anas undulata southern and eastern Africa.
File:MellersDuck025.jpg Meller's duck Anas melleri eastern Madagascar.
File:Anas superciliosa (Pacific Black Duck).jpg Pacific black duck Anas superciliosa Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and many islands in the southwestern Pacific, reaching to the Caroline Islands in the north and French Polynesia in the east
File:Starr 080607-7217 Boerhavia repens.jpg Laysan duck Anas laysanensis Hawaiian Islands
File:Hawaiian Duck (12045063073).jpg Hawaiian duck Anas wyvilliana Hawaiian islands
File:Philippine Duck (Anas luzonica) RWD2.jpg Philippine duck Anas luzonica the Philippines
File:Anas poecilorhyncha -Assam -India-8.jpg Indian spot-billed duck Anas poecilorhyncha Pakistan and India
File:Anas zonorhyncha swimming.jpg Eastern spot-billed duck Anas zonorhyncha Southeast Asia
File:029 -MALLARD (11-14-06) sloco, ca (1) (8711887568).jpg Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Alaska to Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, across Eurasia, from Iceland and southern Greenland and parts of Morocco (North Africa) in the west, Scandinavia and Britain to the north, and to Siberia, Japan, and South Korea, in the east, south-eastern and south-western Australia and New Zealand
File:Mottled Duck male RWD3.jpg Mottled duck Anas fulvigula Gulf of Mexico coast between Alabama and Tamaulipas (Mexico) and Florida
File:Anas rubripes PM3.jpg American black duck Anas rubripes Saskatchewan to the Atlantic in Canada and the Great Lakes and the Adirondacks in the United States
File:029 - MEXICAN MALLARD (1-21-2017) female, patagonia lake, santa cruz co, az -01 (32482525295).jpg Mexican duck Anas diazi Mexico and the southern United States.
File:Cape Teal (Anas capensis) (7096522691).jpg Cape teal Anas capensis sub-Saharan Africa
File:White-cheeked Pintail, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.jpg White-cheeked pintail Anas bahamensis Caribbean, South America, and the Galápagos Islands
File:Red-billed Pintail (Anas erythrorhyncha) RWD1.jpg Red-billed teal Anas erythrorhyncha southern and eastern Africa
File:Yellow-billed Pintail RWD2.jpg Yellow-billed pintail Anas georgica South America, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia
File:Anas eatoni.jpg Eaton's pintail Anas eatoni island groups of Kerguelen and Crozet in the southern Indian Ocean
File:Anas acuta3.jpg Northern pintail Anas acuta Europe, Asia and North America
File:Common Teal (Anas crecca) near Hodal, Haryana W IMG 6512.jpg Eurasian teal Anas crecca northern Eurasia
File:Green-winged Teal RWD5.jpg Green-winged teal Anas carolinensis North America except on the Aleutian Islands
File:Anas flavirostris.JPG Yellow-billed teal Anas flavirostris Argentina, the Falkland Islands, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Brazil.
File:Andean-Teal.jpg Andean teal Anas andium (formerly included in A. flavirostris) Andean highlands of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador
File:SundaTeal Bali.jpg Sunda teal Anas gibberifrons Indonesia.
File:NettionKeulemans.jpg Andaman teal Anas albogularis (formerly included in A. gibberifrons) Andaman Islands (India) and Great Coco Island (Burma)
File:Anas gracilis -Nga Manu Nature Reserve, Waikanae, New Zealand -swimming-8.jpg Grey teal Anas gracilis Australia and New Zealand
File:MaleChestnutTealNarrabeenLake.jpg Chestnut teal Anas castanea Tasmania and southern Victoria, New Guinea and Lord Howe Island
File:Anas bernieri Masoala-Halle.jpg Bernier's teal Anas bernieri Madagascar
File:Brown teal.jpg Brown teal Anas chlorotis New Zealand
File:Auckland Island teal on Enderby Island.jpg Auckland teal Anas aucklandica Auckland Islands south of New Zealand
File:Campbell Island Teal, Pengo.jpg Campbell teal Anas nesiotis (formerly included in A. aucklandica) New Zealand

Extinct Species

Formerly placed in Anas:

PhylogenyEdit

Cladogram based on the analysis of Gonzalez and colleagues published in 2009.<ref name=gonzalez/>

Template:Clade

Fossil recordEdit

File:Anas blanchardi aquitaniano st gerard les puys.JPG
Anas blanchardi fossil

A number of fossil species of Anas have been described. Their relationships are often undetermined:

  • †Anas sp. (Late Miocene of China)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • †Anas sp. (mid-sized species from the Late Miocene of Rudabánya, Hungary)<ref name=Bernor/>
  • †Anas amotape (Campbell 1979) (Talara Tar Seeps, Late Pleistocene of Peru)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • †Anas bunkeri (Wetmore 1944) (Early -? Middle Pliocene – Early Pleistocene of WC USA) – Nettion red-and-green head clade?<ref name=Brodkorb/>
  • †Anas cheuen Agnolín 2006 (Early-Middle Pleistocene of Argentina) – Dafila?<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • †Anas ganii Burchak-Abramovich, Suspanov and David 1996 (Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Moldova)
  • †Anas greeni (Brodkorb 1964) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of South Dakota, USA)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> – Nettion red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
  • †Anas itchtucknee McCoy 1963<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> (Late Pleistocene of Florida, USA) doubtful validity<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • †Anas kisatibiensis Burchak-Abramovich and Mczedlidze 1995 (nomen nudum) (Early Pliocene of Kisatibi, Georgia)
  • †Anas kurochkini Zelenkov & Panteleyev 2015 (Late Miocene of Sea of Azov, southern Russia)
  • †Anas lambrechti Spillman 1942 [Archaeoquerquedula lambrechti] (Pleistocene of Ecuador)
  • †Anas ogallalae (Brodkorb 1962) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Kansas, USA)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> – Nettion red-and-green head clade (doubtful)?
  • Bermuda Islands flightless duck †Anas pachyscelus Wetmore 1960 (Late Pleistocene of Bermuda, W Atlantic)
  • †Anas pullulans (Brodkorb 1961) (Late Miocene?/Early Pliocene of Oregon, USA)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> – Punanetta?
  • †Anas schneideri Emslie 1985 (Late Pleistocene of Little Box Elder Cave, USA)<ref name=Emslie/>

Several prehistoric waterfowl supposedly part of the Anas assemblage are nowadays not placed in this genus anymore, at least not with certainty:

  • †"Anas" basaltica (Late Oligocene of Czech Republic) is apparently an indeterminate heron.<ref name=Mlíkovský/>
  • †"Anas" blanchardi, "A." consobrina, "A." natator are now in Mionetta
  • †"Anas" creccoides (Early-mid Oligocene of Belgium), "A." risgoviensis (Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany) and "A." skalicensis (Early Miocene of Czech Republic), though possibly anseriform, cannot be placed with any certainty among modern birds at all.<ref name=Mlíkovský/><ref name=Brodkorb1962/>
  • †"Anas" albae (Late Miocene of Hungary), "A." eppelsheimensis (Early Pliocene of Germany) and "A." isarensis (Late Miocene of Germany) are apparently Anatidae of unclear affiliations<ref name=Mlíkovský/>
  • †"Anas" integra and "A." oligocaena are now in Dendrochen.
  • †"Anas" lignitifila from the Late Miocene of Tuscany has been moved to its own genus, Bambolinetta, being a highly unusual marine waterfowl.
  • †"Anas" luederitzensis (Early Miocene of Namibia) may belong within Oxyurini<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • †"Anas" robusta is now tentatively placed in Anserobranta.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • †"Anas" sansaniensis is now placed in Chenoanas
  • †"Anas" velox (Middle – Late? Miocene of C Europe) and "A." meyerii (Middle Miocene of Öhningen, Germany; possibly the same species) do not seem to belong Anas, and they may be ancestral dabbling ducks.<ref name=Hardy/>

Anas elapsum (Late Pleistocene of Australia) is now synonymised with the extant Hardhead.<ref name=Olson>Template:Cite journal</ref> Anas gracilipes and Anas strenuum (Late Pleistocene of Australia) are both junior synonyms of the extant Chestnut teal.<ref name=Olson/>

Highly problematic, albeit in a theoretical sense, is the placement of the moa-nalos. These may be descended from a common ancestor of dabbling ducks such as the Pacific black duck, Laysan duck, and mallard. Phylogenetically, they may even form a clade within the traditional genus Anas.<ref name=Sorenson/> However, when compared to these species – which are representative of dabbling ducks in general – the moa-nalos are a radical departure from the Anseriforme bauplan. This illustrates that in a truly evolutionary sense, a strictly phylogenetic taxonomy may be difficult to apply.Template:Citation needed

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

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