Andrew II of Hungary

Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox royalty Andrew II (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx; Template:Circa 1177Template:Spaced ndash21 September 1235), also known as Andrew of Jerusalem, was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1205 and 1235. He ruled the Principality of Halych from 1188 until 1189/1190, and again between 1208/1209 and 1210. He was the younger son of Béla III of Hungary, who entrusted him with the administration of the newly conquered Principality of Halych in 1188. Andrew's rule was unpopular, and the boyars (or noblemen) expelled him. Béla III willed property and money to Andrew, obliging him to lead a crusade to the Holy Land. Instead, Andrew forced his elder brother, King Emeric of Hungary, to cede Croatia and Dalmatia as an appanage to him in 1197. The following year, Andrew occupied Hum.

Although Andrew did not stop conspiring against Emeric, the dying king made Andrew guardian of his son, Ladislaus III, in 1204. After the premature death of Ladislaus, Andrew ascended the throne in 1205. According to historian László Kontler, "[i]t was amidst the socio-political turmoil during [Andrew's] reign that the relations, arrangements, institutional framework and social categories that arose under Stephen I, started to disintegrate in the higher echelons of society" in Hungary.Template:Sfn Andrew introduced a new grants policy, the so-called "new institutions", giving away money and royal estates to his partisans despite the loss of royal revenues. He was the first Hungarian monarch to adopt the title of "King of Halych and Lodomeria". He waged at least a dozen wars to seize the two Rus' principalities, but was repelled by the local boyars and neighboring princes. He participated in the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217–1218, but the crusade was a failure.

When the servientes regis, or "royal servants", rose up, Andrew was forced to issue the Golden Bull of 1222, confirming their privileges. This led to the rise of the nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary. His Diploma Andreanum of 1224 listed the liberties of the Transylvanian Saxon community. The employment of Jews and Muslims to administer the royal revenues led him into conflict with the Holy See and the Hungarian prelates. Andrew pledged to respect the privileges of the clergymen and to dismiss his non-Christian officials in 1233, but he never fulfilled the latter promise.

Andrew had several children by three marriages. He had five children with his first wife, Gertrude of Merania, who was murdered in 1213 because her blatant favoritism towards her German kinsmen and courtiers stirred up discontent among the native lords. The Holy See canonized their daughter Elizabeth during Andrew's lifetime. His second marriage to Yolanda de Courtenay produced a daughter, Yolanda, while his third wife, Beatrice d'Este, bore a posthumous son, Stephen. After Andrew's death, his sons from his first marriage, Béla IV of Hungary and Coloman of Halych, accused the widowed Beatrice of adultery and never considered her son to be Andrew's legitimate son.

Early lifeEdit

Childhood and youth (Template:Circa 1177–1197)Edit

Andrew was the second son of King Béla III and Béla's first wife, Agnes of Antioch.Template:Sfn The year of Andrew's birth is not known, but modern historians agree that he was born around 1177,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn considering that Margaret, who was born in 1175 or 1176, was his elder sister, which, however, is far from certain.Template:Sfn Andrew was first mentioned in connection to his father's invasion of the Principality of Halych in 1188.Template:Sfn That year, Béla III invaded Halych upon the request of its former prince, Vladimir II Yaroslavich, who had been expelled by his subjects.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Béla forced the new prince, Roman Mstislavich, to flee. After conquering Halych, he granted it to Andrew.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Béla also captured Vladimir Yaroslavich and imprisoned him in Hungary.Template:Sfn

After Béla's withdrawal from Halych, Roman Mstislavich returned with the assistance of Rurik Rostislavich, Prince of Belgorod Kievsky.Template:Sfn They tried to expel Andrew and his Hungarian retinue, but the Hungarians routed the united forces of Mstislavich and Rostislavich.Template:Sfn A group of local boyars offered the throne to Rostislav Ivanovich, a distant cousin of the imprisoned Vladimir Yaroslavich.Template:Sfn Béla III sent reinforcements to Halych, enabling Andrew's troops to repel the attacks.Template:Sfn Andrew's nominal reign remained unpopular in Halych, because the Hungarian soldiers insulted local women and did not respect Orthodox churches.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Consequently, the local boyars allied themselves with their former prince, Vladimir Yaroslavich, who had escaped from captivity and returned to Halych.Template:Sfn Duke Casimir II of Poland also supported Vladimir, and they expelled Andrew and his retinue from the principality in August 1189 or 1190.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew returned to Hungary after his defeat.Template:Sfn

King Béla did not grant Andrew a separate duchy, but only gave his son some fortresses, estates and money.Template:Sfn According to historian Attila Zsoldos, these landholdings laid in Slavonia.Template:Sfn On his deathbed, Béla, who had pledged to lead a crusade to the Holy Land, ordered Andrew to fulfill his vow.Template:Sfn Andrew's father died on 23 April 1196, and Andrew's older brother, Emeric, succeeded him.Template:Sfn

Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia (1197–1204)Edit

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Andrew used the funds that he inherited from his father to recruit supporters among the Hungarian lords.Template:Sfn It is plausible he demanded from his brother to install him as Duke of Slavonia, which became increasingly the title of heir to the throne by the second half of the 12th century.Template:Sfn Andrew also formed an alliance with Duke Leopold VI of Austria, and they plotted against Emeric.Template:Sfn Their united troops routed the royal army at Mački, Slavonia, in December 1197.Template:Sfn Under duress, King Emeric gave Croatia and Dalmatia to Andrew as an appanage, as most historians believe.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In contrast, historian György Szabados claims that Emeric never acknowledged Andrew's dominion in Croatia and Dalmatia and that Andrew used the title of duke without his brother's approval.Template:Sfn In practice, Andrew administered Croatia and Dalmatia as an independent monarch. He minted coins (Croatian frizatik), granted land and confirmed privileges.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In accordance with the agreement, Varaždin and Bodrog counties also belonged to his suzerainty.Template:Sfn He cooperated with the Frankopans, Babonići, and other local lords.Template:Sfn Some of the prominent barons also supported his aspirations, including their uncle comes Andrew and Macarius Monoszló.Template:Sfn The Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre settled in the province during his rule.Template:Sfn Taking advantage of Miroslav of Hum's death, Andrew invaded Hum and occupied at least the land between the Cetina and Neretva rivers sometime before May 1198.Template:Sfn He styled himself, "By the grace of God, Duke of Zadar and of all Dalmatia, Croatia and Hum" in his charters.Template:Sfn

Pope Innocent III urged Andrew to lead a crusade to the Holy Land, but Andrew hatched a new conspiracy against Emeric with the help of John, Abbot of Pannonhalma, Boleslaus, Bishop of Vác, and many other prelates and lords.Template:Sfn For instance, incumbent Palatine Mog also betrayed Emeric and swore allegiance to the Duke.Template:Sfn The Pope threatened Andrew with excommunication if he failed to fulfill his father's vow, but Andrew did not yield.Template:Sfn The conspiracy was uncovered on 10 March 1199, when King Emeric seized letters written by Andrew's partisans to Bishop Boleslaus.Template:Sfn That summer, royal troops routed Andrew's army in the valley of Rád near Lake Balaton, and Andrew fled to Austria.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn During Andrew's exile, Emeric appointed his own partisans to administer Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia.Template:Sfn A papal legate mediated a reconciliation between Andrew and Emeric, who allowed Andrew to return to Croatia and Dalmatia in 1200.Template:Sfn Andrew married Gertrude of Merania sometime between 1200 and 1203; her father, Berthold, Duke of Merania, owned extensive domains in the Holy Roman Empire along the borders of Andrew's duchy, in what is now Slovenia.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

File:Coa Hungary Country History Andrew II (1205-1235).svg

The "Árpád stripes" (four Argent (silver) and four Gules (red) stripes) on Andrew's personal coat-of-arms

When Emeric's son, Ladislaus, was born around 1200, Andrew's hopes to succeed his brother as king were shattered.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Pope Innocent confirmed the child's position as heir to the crown, declaring that Andrew's future sons would only inherit Andrew's duchy.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew planned a new rebellion against his brother, but King Emeric captured him without resistance near Varaždin in October 1203.Template:Sfn In contrast, historian Attila Zsoldos considers it was the king who turned against his brother's province with an army initially convened for a crusade.Template:Sfn

[All] the magnates of the kingdom and almost the whole of the Hungarian army deserted [King Emeric] and unlawfully sided with Duke Andrew. Very few men indeed remained with the king, and even they were terrified at the extent of the insurrection and did not dare to urge the king to hope for success, but rather advised him to flee. Then it happened that one day both sides had drawn close to each other and were beginning to prepare themselves in earnest for Template:Nobr [After] much wise thought, with inspiration from heaven [King Emeric] found a successful way by which he might recover his right to the kingdom and still remain guiltless of bloodshed. So he said to his men, "Stay here a while, and do not follow me." Then he laid down his weapons, and taking only a leafy bough in his hand he walked slowly into the enemy ranks. As he passed through the midst of the armed multitude, he cried out in a loud and strong voice, "Now I shall see who will dare to raise a hand to shed the blood of the royal lineage!" Seeing him, all fell back, and not daring even to mutter, they left a wide passage for him on either side. And then when [King Emeric] reached his brother, he took him, and leading him outside the body of troops, he sent him to a certain castle for custody.{{#if:Thomas the Archdeacon: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split<ref>Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split (ch. 23.), pp. 141–143.</ref>|{{#if:|}}
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Andrew was first imprisoned in the fort of Gornji Kneginec, then in Esztergom.Template:Sfn Alexander of the Hont-Pázmány clan freed him in early 1204.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn It is uncertain whether Andrew was freed by his partisans or his release took place with Emeric's consent.Template:Sfn Having fallen ill, King Emeric had his son, Ladislaus, crowned king on 26 August.Template:Sfn As Pope Innocent already ordered Archbishop Ugrin Csák to perform the coronation in April, it is plausible that the king decided on Andrew's release, therefore, the coronation was not vitally urgent.Template:Sfn Andrew reconciled with his dying brother, who entrusted him with "the guardianship of his son and the administration of the entire kingdom until the ward should reach the age of majority",<ref>Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split (ch. 23.), p. 143.</ref> according to the nearly contemporaneous Thomas the Archdeacon.Template:Sfn

Nephew's guardian (1204–1205)Edit

King Emeric died on 30 November 1204.Template:Sfn Andrew governed the kingdom as Ladislaus's regent, but subsequently he counted his regnal years from the time of his brother's death, showing that he already regarded himself as the lawful monarch during Ladislaus III's reign.Template:Sfn Pope Innocent told Andrew that he should remain loyal to Ladislaus,Template:Sfn also instructing him to fulfill his vow to lead a crusade, to secure the incomes of Emeric's widow and Ladislaus III's mother, Constance of Aragon, and to keep royal property intact. The pope's letters suggest that serious tensions burdened the relationship between Andrew and Constance after Emeric's death.Template:Sfn

Instead, Andrew seized the money that Emeric had deposited for Ladislaus in Pilis Abbey.Template:Sfn He also confiscated a significant portion of private wealth from Constance, who deposited it in the Stephanites' convent in Esztergom prior to that, in addition to the denial of her dower.Template:Sfn Queen Constance fled from Hungary, taking her son and the Holy Crown to Austria.Template:Sfn According to the Annals of Admont, "some bishops and nobles" escorted them, breaking through the blockade that Andrew erected along the Austrian border.Template:Sfn Andrew prepared for a war against Leopold VI of Austria, but Ladislaus suddenly died in Vienna on 7 May 1205.Template:Sfn Andrew sent Bishop Peter of Győr to Austria, who successfully recovered the Holy Crown.Template:Sfn

ReignEdit

"New institutions" and campaigns in Halych (1205–1217)Edit

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File:Andrew II of Hungary.jpg

Andrew II depicted in Illuminated Chronicle

File:Thuróczy krónika - II. András király.jpg

Andrew II depicted in Chronica Hungarorum

John, Archbishop of Kalocsa, crowned Andrew king in Székesfehérvár on 29 May 1205.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew introduced a new policy for royal grants, which he called "new institutions" in one of his charters.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He distributed large portions of the royal domainTemplate:Mdashroyal castles and all estates attached to themTemplate:Mdashas inheritable grants to his supporters, declaring that "the best measure of a royal grant is its being immeasurable."Template:Sfn Template:Sfn His "new institutions" altered the relations between the monarchs and the Hungarian lords. During the previous two centuries, a lord's status primarily depended on the income he received for his services to the monarch; after the introduction of the "new institutions", their inheritable estates yielded sufficient revenues.Template:Sfn This policy also diminished the funds upon which the authority of the ispáns, or heads, of the counties Template:Mdashwho were appointed by the monarchsTemplate:Mdashhad been based.Template:Sfn

During his reign, Andrew was intensely interested in the internal affairs of his former principality of Halych.Template:Sfn He launched his first campaign to recapture Halych in 1205 or 1206.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Upon the boyars' request, he intervened against Vsevolod Svyatoslavich, Prince of Chernigov, and his allies on behalf of Daniel Romanovich, the child-prince of Halych, and Lodomeria. Svyatoslavich and his allies were forced to withdraw.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew adopted the title of "King of Galicia and Lodomeria", demonstrating his claim to suzerainty in the two principalities.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn After Andrew returned to Hungary, Vsevolod Svyatoslavich's distant cousin, Vladimir Igorevich, seized both Halych and Lodomeria, expelling Daniel Romanovich and his mother.Template:Sfn They fled to Leszek I of Poland, who suggested that they visit Andrew.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn However, Vladimir Igorevich "sent many gifts" to both Andrew and Leszek, dissuading "them from attacking him"<ref>The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (year 1207), p. 19.</ref> on behalf of Romanovich, according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Vladimir Igorevich's rebellious brother, Roman Igorevich, soon came to Hungary, seeking Andrew's assistance.Template:Sfn Roman returned to Halych and expelled Vladimir Igorevich with the help of Hungarian auxiliary troops.Template:Sfn

Andrew confirmed the liberties of two Dalmatian townsTemplate:Mdash Split and Omiš Template:Mdashand issued a new charter listing the privileges of the archbishops of Split in 1207.Template:Sfn Taking advantage of a conflict between Roman Igorevich and his boyars, Andrew sent troops to Halych under the command of Benedict, son of Korlát.Template:Sfn Benedict captured Roman Igorevich and occupied the principality in 1208 or 1209.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Instead of appointing a new prince, Andrew made Benedict governor of Halych.Template:Sfn Benedict "tortured boyars and was addicted to lechery",<ref>The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (year 1210), p. 20.</ref> according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle. The boyars offered the throne to Mstislav Mstislavich, Prince of Novgorod, if he could overthrow Benedict.Template:Sfn Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych, but he could not defeat Benedict.Template:Sfn

File:Andreas Getrude Ungarn.jpg

Gertrude of Merania and Andrew depicted in the 13th-century Template:Ill from the Landgraviate of Thuringia

Queen Gertrude's two brothers, Ekbert of Bamberg, Bishop of Bamberg, and Henry II, Margrave of Istria, fled to Hungary in 1208 after they were accused of participating in the murder of Philip, King of the Germans.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew granted large domains to Bishop Ekbert in the Szepesség region (now Spiš, Slovakia).Template:Sfn Gertrude's youngest brother, Berthold, had been Archbishop of Kalocsa since 1206; he was made Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1209.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew's generosity towards his wife's German relatives and courtiers discontented the local lords.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn According to historian Gyula Kristó, the anonymous author of The Deeds of the Hungarians referred to the Germans from the Holy Roman Empire when he sarcastically mentioned that "Template:Nobr the Romans graze on the goods of Hungary."<ref>Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 9), p. 27.</ref>Template:Sfn In 1209, Zadar, which had been lost to the Venetians, was liberated by one of Andrew's Dalmatian vassals, Domald of Sidraga, but the Venetians recaptured the town a year later.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Roman Igorevich reconciled with his brother, Vladimir Igorevich, in early 1209 or 1210.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Their united forces vanquished Benedict's army, expelling the Hungarians from Halych.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Vladimir Igorevich sent one of his sons, Vsevolod Vladimirovich, "bearing gifts to the king in Hungary"<ref>The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (year 1211), p. 20.</ref> to appease Andrew, according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle.Template:Sfn A group of discontented Hungarian lords offered the crown to Andrew's cousins, the sons of Andrew's uncle, Géza; they lived in "Greek land" (the Byzantine Empire). However, the cousins' envoys were captured in Split in 1210.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In the early 1210s, Andrew sent "an army of Saxons, Vlachs, Székelys and Pechenegs" commanded by Joachim, Count of Hermannstadt, (now Sibiu, Romania) to assist Boril of Bulgaria's fight against three rebellious Cuman chieftains.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Around the same time, Hungarian troops occupied Belgrade and Barancs (now Braničevo, Serbia), which had been lost to Bulgaria under Emeric.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew's army defeated the Cumans at Vidin.Template:Sfn Andrew granted the Barcaság (now Țara Bârsei, Romania) to the Teutonic Knights.Template:Sfn The Knights were to defend the easternmost regions of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Cumans and encourage their conversion to Catholicism.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

A group of boyars, who were alarmed by the despotic acts of Vladimir Igorevich, asked Andrew to restore Daniel Romanovich as ruler of Halych in 1210 or 1211.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew and his alliesTemplate:MdashLeszek I of Poland and at least five Rus' princesTemplate:Mdashsent their armies to Halych and restored Daniel Romanovich.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Local boyars expelled Daniel Romanovich's mother in 1212.Template:Sfn She persuaded Andrew to personally lead his army to Halych.Template:Sfn He captured Volodislav Kormilchich, the most influential boyar, and took him to Hungary.Template:Sfn After Andrew withdrew from Halych, the boyars again offered the throne to Mstislav Mstislavich, who expelled Daniel Romanovich and his mother from the principality.Template:Sfn Andrew departed for a new campaign against Halych in summer 1213.Template:Sfn During his absence, Hungarian lords who were aggrieved at Queen Gertrude's favoritism towards her German entourage captured and murdered her and many of her courtiers in the Pilis Hills on 28 September.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn When he heard of her murder, Andrew returned to Hungary and ordered the execution of the murderer, Peter, son of Töre.Template:Sfn However, Peter's accomplices, including Palatine Bánk Bár-Kalán, did not receive severe punishments.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn A group of Hungarian lords, whom Andrew called "perverts" in one of his letters, was plotting to dethrone Andrew and crown his eldest son, the eight-year-old Béla, but they failed to dethrone him and could only force Andrew to consent to Béla's coronation in 1214.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Andrew and Leszek of Poland signed a treaty of alliance, which obliged Andrew's second son, Coloman, to marry Leszek of Poland's daughter, Salomea.Template:Sfn Andrew and Leszek jointly invaded Halych in 1214, and Coloman was made prince. He agreed to cede Przemyśl to Leszek of Poland.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The following year, Andrew returned to Halych and captured Przemyśl.Template:Sfn Leszek of Poland soon reconciled with Mstislav Mstislavich; they jointly invaded Halych and forced Coloman to flee to Hungary.Template:Sfn A new officer of state, the treasurer, was responsible for the administration of the royal chamber from around 1214 onwards.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn However, royal revenues had significantly diminished.Template:Sfn Upon the advice of the treasurer, Denis, son of Ampud, Andrew imposed new taxes and farmed out royal income from minting, salt trade and custom duties.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The yearly exchange of coins also produced more revenue for the royal chamber.Template:Sfn However, these measures provoked discontent in Hungary.Template:Sfn

Andrew signed a new treaty of alliance with Leszek of Poland in the summer of 1216.Template:Sfn Leszek and Andrew's son, Coloman, invaded Halych and expelled Mstislav Mstislavich and Daniel Romanovich, after which Coloman was restored.Template:Sfn That same year, Andrew met Stephen Nemanjić, Grand Prince of Serbia, in Ravno (now Ćuprija, Serbia).Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He persuaded Stephen Nemanjić to negotiate with Henry, Latin Emperor of Constantinople, who was the uncle of Andrew's second wife, Yolanda de Courtenay.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Stephen Nemanjić was crowned king of Serbia in 1217.Template:Sfn Andrew planned to invade Serbia, but Stephen Nemanjić's brother, Sava, dissuaded him, according to both versions of the Life of Sava.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Andrew's crusade (1217–1218)Edit

File:The fifth crusade.jpg

Andrew at the head of his crusader army (from the Illuminated Chronicle)

In July 1216, the newly elected Pope Honorius III once again called upon Andrew to fulfill his father's vow to lead a crusade.Template:Sfn Andrew, who had postponed the crusade at least three times (in 1201, 1209 and 1213), finally agreed.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Steven Runciman, Tibor Almási and other modern historians say that Andrew hoped that his decision would increase his likelihood of being elected as Latin Emperor of Constantinople, because his wife's uncle, Emperor Henry, had died in June.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn According to a letter written by Pope Honorius in 1217, envoys from the Latin Empire had actually informed Andrew that they planned to elect either him or his father-in-law, Peter of Courtenay, as emperor.Template:Sfn Nonetheless, the barons of the Latin Empire elected Peter of Courtenay in the summer of 1216.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Andrew sold and mortgaged royal estates to finance his campaign, which became part of the Fifth Crusade.Template:Sfn He renounced his claim to Zadar in favor of the Republic of Venice so that he could secure shipping for his army.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He entrusted Hungary to Archbishop John of Esztergom, and entrusted Croatia and Dalmatia to Pontius de Cruce, the Templar prior of Vrana.Template:Sfn In July 1217, Andrew departed from Zagreb, accompanied by Dukes Leopold VI of Austria and Otto I of Merania.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn His army was so largeTemplate:Mdashat least 10,000 mounted soldiers and uncountable infantrymenTemplate:Mdashthat most of it stayed behind when Andrew and his men embarked in Split two months later.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The ships transported them to Acre, where they landed in October.Template:Sfn

The leaders of the crusade included John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem, Leopold of Austria, the Grand Masters of the Hospitallers, the Templars and the Teutonic Knights. They held a war council in Acre, with Andrew leading the meeting.Template:Sfn In early November, the Crusaders launched a campaign for the Jordan River, forcing Al-Adil I, Sultan of Egypt, to withdraw without fighting; the crusaders then pillaged Beisan.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn After the crusaders returned to Acre, Andrew did not participate in any other military actions.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Instead, he collected relics, including a water jug allegedly used at the marriage at Cana, the heads of Saint Stephen and Margaret the Virgin, the right hands of the Apostles Thomas and Bartholomew and a part of Aaron's rod.Template:Sfn If Thomas the Archdeacon's report of certain "evil and audacious men" in Acre who "treacherously passed him a poisoned drink"<ref name="autogenerated165">Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split (ch. 25.), p. 165.</ref> is reliable, Andrew's inactivity was because of illness.Template:Sfn

Andrew decided to return home at the very beginning of 1218, even though Raoul of Merencourt, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, threatened him with excommunication.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew first visited Tripoli and participated in the marriage of Bohemond IV of Antioch and Melisende of Lusignan on 10 January.Template:Sfn From Tripoli, he travelled to Cilicia, where he and Leo I of Armenia betrothed Andrew's youngest son, Andrew, and Leo's daughter, Isabella.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew proceeded through the Seldjuk Sultanate of Rum before arriving in Nicaea (now İznik, Turkey).Template:Sfn His cousins (the sons of his uncle, Géza) attacked him when he was in Nicaea.Template:Sfn He arranged the marriage of his oldest son, Béla, to Maria Laskarina, a daughter of Emperor Theodore I Laskaris.Template:Sfn When he arrived in Bulgaria, Andrew was detained until he "gave full surety that his daughter would be united in marriage"<ref name="autogenerated165"/> to Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria, according to Thomas the Archdeacon.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew returned to Hungary in late 1218.Template:Sfn Andrew's "crusade had achieved nothing and brought him no honor", according to historian Thomas Van Cleve.Template:Sfn Oliver of Paderborn, James of Vitry and other 13th-century authors blamed Andrew for the failure of the crusade.Template:Sfn Stephen Donnachie says that "...from examining Honorius’s registers and the diplomatic communications between Andrew and the papal curia, Andrew’s genuine commitment to the crusade should not be doubted nor his extensive preparations for the campaign dismissed, even if he did ultimately bungle his opportunity."<ref>Donnachie, Stephen. "review of 'Curia and Crusade: Pope Honorius III and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1216–1227'", (review no. 2259){{#invoke:doi|main}} Date accessed: 4 January 2020</ref>

Golden Bull (1218–1222)Edit

File:Aranybulla1.jpg

The Golden Bull of 1222

When he returned to Hungary, Andrew complained to Pope Honorius that his kingdom was "in a miserable and destroyed state, deprived of all of its revenues."Template:Sfn A group of barons had even expelled Archbishop John from Hungary.Template:Sfn Andrew was in massive debt because of his crusade, which forced him to impose extraordinarily high taxes and debase coinage.Template:Sfn In 1218 or 1219, Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych and captured Andrew's son, Coloman.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew compromised with Mstislavich. Coloman was released, and Andrew's youngest son and namesake was betrothed to Mstislavich's daughter.Template:Sfn In 1220, a group of lords persuaded Andrew to make his eldest son, Béla, the duke of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Andrew employed Jews and Muslims to administer royal revenues, which caused a discord between Andrew and the Holy See starting in the early 1220s.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Pope Honorius urged Andrew and Queen Yolanda to prohibit Muslims from employing Christians.Template:Sfn Andrew confirmed the privileges of clergymen, including their exemption from taxes and their right to be exclusively judged by church courts, but also prohibited the consecration of udvornici, castle folk and other serfs in early 1222.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn However, a new conflict emerged between Andrew and the Holy See after he persuaded Béla to separate from his wife, Maria Laskarina.Template:Sfn An "immense crowd" approached Andrew around April 1222, demanding "grave and unjust things", according to a letter of Pope Honorius.Template:Sfn Actually, the royal servants Template:Mdashwho were landowners directly subject to the monarch's power and obliged to fight in the royal armyTemplate:Mdashassembled, forcing Andrew to dismiss Julius Kán and his other officials. Andrew was also forced to issue a royal charter, the Golden Bull of 1222.Template:Sfn The charter summarized the liberties of the royal servants, including their exemption from taxes and the jurisdiction of the ispáns.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The last clause of the Golden Bull authorized "the bishops as well as the other barons and nobles of the realm, singularly and in common" to resist the monarch if he did not honor the provisions of the charter.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The Golden Bull clearly distinguished the royal servants from the king's other subjects, which led to the rise of the Hungarian nobility.Template:Sfn The Golden Bull is commonly compared with England's Magna Carta – a similar charter which was sealed a few years earlier in 1215.Template:Sfn A significant difference between them is that, in England, the settlement strengthened the position of all the royal subjects but, in Hungary, the aristocracy came to dominate both the crown and the lower orders.Template:Sfn

Conflicts with son and the Church (1222–1234)Edit

Andrew discharged Palatine Theodore Csanád and restored Julius Kán in the second half of 1222.Template:Sfn The following year, Pope Honorius urged Andrew to launch a new crusade.Template:Sfn If the report of the Continuatio Claustroneuburgensis is reliable, Andrew took the cross to show that he intended to launch a new crusade, but no other sources mention this event.Template:Sfn Andrew planned to arrange a new marriage for his eldest son, Béla, but Pope Honorius mediated a reconciliation between Béla and his wife in the autumn of 1223.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn This angered Andrew, and Béla fled to Austria. He returned in 1224 after the bishops persuaded Andrew to forgive him.Template:Sfn

In his Diploma Andreanum of 1224, Andrew confirmed the privileges of the "Saxons" who inhabited the region of Hermannstadt in southern Transylvania (now Sibiu, Romania).Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The following year, he launched a campaign against the Teutonic Knights, who had attempted to eliminate his suzerainty. The Knights were forced to leave Barcaság and the neighboring lands.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew's envoys and Leopold VI of Austria signed a treaty on 6 June, which ended the armed conflicts along the Hungarian-Austrian border. As part of the treaty, Leopold VI paid an indemnification for the damages that his troops had caused in Hungary.Template:Sfn Andrew made his oldest son, Béla, Duke of Transylvania. Béla's former duchy was given to Andrew's second son, Coloman, in 1226.Template:Sfn Duke Béla started expanding his suzerainty over the Cumans, who inhabited the lands east of the Carpathian Mountains.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew launched a campaign against Mstislav Mstislavich in 1226 because the latter refused to grant Halych to Andrew's youngest son despite a previous compromise.Template:Sfn Andrew besieged and captured Przemyśl, Terebovl, and other fortresses in Halych.Template:Sfn However, his troops were routed at Kremenets and Zvenigorod, forcing him to withdraw.Template:Sfn Despite his victories, Mstislavich ceded Halych to Andrew's son in early 1227.Template:Sfn

File:Andrew II (Millennium Monument).jpg

Andrew's statute on Heroes' Square in Budapest

In 1228, Andrew authorized his son, Béla, to revise his previous land grants.Template:Sfn Pope Honorius also supported Béla's efforts.Template:Sfn Béla confiscated the domains of two noblemen, Simon Kacsics and Bánk Bár-Kalán, who had taken part in the conspiracy to murder Queen Gertrude.Template:Sfn In 1229, upon Béla's proposal, Andrew confirmed the privileges of the Cuman chieftains who had subjected themselves to Béla.Template:Sfn Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom, made a complaint about Andrew to the Holy See, because Andrew continued to employ Jews and Muslims.Template:Sfn Pope Gregory IX authorized the archbishop to perform acts of religious censure to persuade Andrew to dismiss his non-Christian officials.Template:Sfn Under duress, Andrew issued a new Golden Bull in 1231, which confirmed that Muslims were banned from employment, and empowered the Archbishop of Esztergom to excommunicate the king if he failed to honor the provisions of the new Golden Bull.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In the second half of the year, Andrew invaded Halych and restored his youngest son, Andrew, to the throne.Template:Sfn

Archbishop Robert excommunicated Palatine Denis and put Hungary under an interdict on 25 February 1232, because the employment of Jews and Muslims continued despite the Golden Bull of 1231.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Since the archbishop accused the Muslims of persuading Andrew to seize church property, Andrew restored properties to the archbishop, who soon suspended the interdict.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Upon Andrew's demand, Pope Gregory sent Cardinal Giacomo di Pecorari as his legate to Hungary and promised that nobody would be excommunicated without the pope's special authorization.Template:Sfn Although Andrew departed for Halych to support his youngest son in a fight against Daniel Romanivich, he continued his negotiations with the papal legate.Template:Sfn On 20 August 1233, in the forests of Bereg, he vowed that he would not employ Jews and Muslims to administrate royal revenues, and would pay 10,000 marks as compensation for usurped Church revenues.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew repeated his oath in Esztergom in September.Template:Sfn

Andrew and Frederick II, Duke of Austria, signed a peace treaty in late 1233.Template:Sfn Andrew, who had been widowed, married the 23-year-old Beatrice d'Este on 14 May 1234, even though his sons were sharply opposed to his third marriage.Template:Sfn John, Bishop of Bosnia, put Hungary under a new interdict in the first half of 1234, because Andrew had not dismissed his non-Christian officials despite his oath of Bereg.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Andrew and Archbishop Robert of Esztergom protested against the bishop's act at the Holy See.Template:Sfn

Last years (1234–1235)Edit

Danilo Romanovich laid siege to Halych, and Andrew's youngest son died during the siege in the autumn of 1234.Template:Sfn However, Andrew stormed Austria in the summer of 1235, forcing Duke Frederick to pay an indemnification for damages that his troops had caused while raiding Hungary.Template:Sfn Upon Andrew's demand, Pope Gregory declared on 31 August that Andrew and his sons could only be excommunicated by the authorization of the Holy See.Template:Sfn Andrew died on 21 September,Template:Sfn and was buried in Egres Abbey.Template:Sfn

FamilyEdit

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Andrew's first wife, Gertrude of Merania, was born around 1185, according to historian Gyula Kristó.Template:Sfn Their first child, Mary, was born in 1203 or 1204. She became the wife of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria.Template:Sfn Andrew's eldest son, Béla, was born in 1206. He later succeeded his father as king.Template:Sfn Andrew's daughter Elisabeth was born in 1207. She married Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia.Template:Sfn She died in 1231 and was canonized during her father's life.Template:Sfn Andrew's second son, Coloman, was born in 1208. His third son, Andrew, was born around 1210. Princes Coloman and Andrew each ruled the Principality of Halych for a short period.Template:Sfn

Two years after his first wife was murdered, Andrew married Yolanda de Courtenay, who was born around 1198.Template:Sfn Their only child, Yolanda, was born around 1219 and married James I of Aragon.Template:Sfn Andrew's third wife, Beatrice d'Este, was about twenty-three when they married in 1234.Template:Sfn She gave birth to a son, Stephen, after Andrew's death.Template:Sfn However, Andrew's two older sons, Béla and Coloman, accused her of adultery and considered her child to be a bastard.Template:Sfn Her grandson, Andrew, became the last monarch of the House of Árpád.Template:Sfn

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

Primary sourcesEdit

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Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; Template:ISBN.
Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split (Latin text by Olga Perić, edited, translated and annotated by Damir Karbić, Mirjana Matijević Sokol and James Ross Sweeney) (2006). CEU Press. Template:ISBN.
The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (An annotated translation by George A. Perfecky) (1973). Wilhelm Fink Verlag. LCCN 72-79463.

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Secondary sourcesEdit

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