Annihilator (ring theory)

In mathematics, the annihilator of a subset Template:Mvar of a module over a ring is the ideal formed by the elements of the ring that give always zero when multiplied by each element of Template:Mvar.

Over an integral domain, a module that has a nonzero annihilator is a torsion module, and a finitely generated torsion module has a nonzero annihilator.

The above definition applies also in the case of noncommutative rings, where the left annihilator of a left module is a left ideal, and the right-annihilator, of a right module is a right ideal.

Definitions

Let R be a ring, and let M be a left R-module. Choose a non-empty subset S of M. The annihilator of S, denoted Ann_R(S), is the set of all elements r in R such that, for all s in S, Template:Nowrap.<ref>Pierce (1982), p. 23.</ref> In set notation,

<math>\mathrm{Ann}_R(S)=\{r\in R\mid rs = 0</math> for all <math> s\in S \}</math>

It is the set of all elements of R that "annihilate" S (the elements for which S is a torsion set). Subsets of right modules may be used as well, after the modification of "Template:Nowrap" in the definition.

The annihilator of a single element x is usually written Ann_R(x) instead of Ann_R({x}). If the ring R can be understood from the context, the subscript R can be omitted.

Since R is a module over itself, S may be taken to be a subset of R itself, and since R is both a right and a left R-module, the notation must be modified slightly to indicate the left or right side. Usually <math>\ell.\!\mathrm{Ann}_R(S)\,</math> and <math>r.\!\mathrm{Ann}_R(S)\,</math> or some similar subscript scheme are used to distinguish the left and right annihilators, if necessary.

If M is an R-module and Template:Nowrap, then M is called a faithful module.

Properties

If S is a subset of a left R-module M, then Ann(S) is a left ideal of R.<ref>Proof: If a and b both annihilate S, then for each s in S, (a + b)s = as + bs = 0, and for any r in R, (ra)s = r(as) = r0 = 0.</ref>

If S is a submodule of M, then Ann_R(S) is even a two-sided ideal: (ac)s = a(cs) = 0, since cs is another element of S.<ref>Pierce (1982), p. 23, Lemma b, item (i).</ref>

If S is a subset of M and N is the submodule of M generated by S, then in general Ann_R(N) is a subset of Ann_R(S), but they are not necessarily equal. If R is commutative, then the equality holds.

M may be also viewed as an R/Ann_R(M)-module using the action <math>\overline{r}m:=rm\,</math>. Incidentally, it is not always possible to make an R-module into an R/I-module this way, but if the ideal I is a subset of the annihilator of M, then this action is well-defined. Considered as an R/Ann_R(M)-module, M is automatically a faithful module.

For commutative rings

Throughout this section, let <math>R</math> be a commutative ring and <math>M</math> a finitely generated <math>R</math>-module.

Relation to support

The support of a module is defined as

<math>\operatorname{Supp}M = \{ \mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{Spec}R \mid M_\mathfrak{p} \neq 0 \}.</math>

Then, when the module is finitely generated, there is the relation

<math>V(\operatorname{Ann}_R(M)) = \operatorname{Supp}M</math>,

where <math>V(\cdot)</math> is the set of prime ideals containing the subset.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Short exact sequences

Given a short exact sequence of modules,

<math>0 \to M' \to M \to M \to 0,</math>

the support property

<math>\operatorname{Supp}M = \operatorname{Supp}M' \cup \operatorname{Supp}M,</math><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> together with the relation with the annihilator implies

<math>V(\operatorname{Ann}_R(M)) = V(\operatorname{Ann}_R(M')) \cup V(\operatorname{Ann}_R(M)).</math>

More specifically, the relations

<math>\operatorname{Ann}_R(M') \cap \operatorname{Ann}_R(M) \supseteq \operatorname{Ann}_R(M) \supseteq \operatorname{Ann}_R(M') \operatorname{Ann}_R(M). </math>

If the sequence splits then the inequality on the left is always an equality. This holds for arbitrary direct sums of modules, as

<math>\operatorname{Ann}_R\left( \bigoplus_{i\in I} M_i \right) = \bigcap_{i\in I} \operatorname{Ann}_R(M_i).</math>

Quotient modules and annihilators

Given an ideal <math>I \subseteq R</math> and let <math>M</math> be a finitely generated module, then there is the relation

<math>\text{Supp}(M/IM) = \operatorname{Supp}M \cap V(I)</math>

on the support. Using the relation to support, this gives the relation with the annihilator<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

<math>V(\text{Ann}_R(M/IM)) = V(\text{Ann}_R(M)) \cap V(I).</math>

Examples

Over the integers

Over <math>\mathbb{Z}</math> any finitely generated module is completely classified as the direct sum of its free part with its torsion part from the fundamental theorem of abelian groups. Then the annihilator of a finitely generated module is non-trivial only if it is entirely torsion. This is because

<math>\text{Ann}_{\mathbb{Z}}(\mathbb{Z}^{\oplus k}) = \{ 0 \} = (0)</math>

since the only element killing each of the <math>\mathbb{Z}</math> is <math>0</math>. For example, the annihilator of <math>\mathbb{Z}/2 \oplus \mathbb{Z}/3</math> is

<math>\text{Ann}_\mathbb{Z}(\mathbb{Z}/2 \oplus \mathbb{Z}/3) = (6) = (\text{lcm}(2,3)),</math>

the ideal generated by <math>(6)</math>. In fact the annihilator of a torsion module

<math>M \cong \bigoplus_{i=1}^n (\mathbb{Z}/a_i)^{\oplus k_i}</math>

is isomorphic to the ideal generated by their least common multiple, <math>(\operatorname{lcm}(a_1, \ldots, a_n))</math>. This shows the annihilators can be easily be classified over the integers.

Over a commutative ring R

There is a similar computation that can be done for any finitely presented module over a commutative ring <math>R</math>. The definition of finite presentedness of <math>M</math> implies there exists an exact sequence, called a presentation, given by

<math>R^{\oplus l} \xrightarrow{\phi} R^{\oplus k} \to M \to 0</math>

where <math>\phi</math> is in <math>\text{Mat}_{k,l}(R)</math>. Writing <math>\phi</math> explicitly as a matrix gives it as

<math>\phi = \begin{bmatrix}

\phi_{1,1} & \cdots & \phi_{1,l} \\ \vdots & & \vdots \\ \phi_{k,1} & \cdots & \phi_{k,l} \end{bmatrix};</math> hence <math>M</math> has the direct sum decomposition

<math>M = \bigoplus_{i=1}^k \frac{R}{(\phi_{i,1}(1), \ldots, \phi_{i,l}(1))}</math>

If each of these ideals is written as

<math>I_i = (\phi_{i,1}(1), \ldots, \phi_{i,l}(1))</math>

then the ideal <math>I</math> given by

<math>V(I) = \bigcup^{k}_{i=1}V(I_i)</math>

presents the annihilator.

Over k[x,y]

Over the commutative ring <math>k[x,y]</math> for a field <math>k</math>, the annihilator of the module

<math>M = \frac{k[x,y]}{(x^2 - y)} \oplus \frac{k[x,y]}{(y - 3)}</math>

is given by the ideal

<math>\text{Ann}_{k[x,y]}(M) = ((x^2 - y)(y - 3)).</math>

Chain conditions on annihilator ideals

The lattice of ideals of the form <math>\ell.\!\mathrm{Ann}_R(S)</math> where S is a subset of R is a complete lattice when partially ordered by inclusion. There is interest in studying rings for which this lattice (or its right counterpart) satisfies the ascending chain condition or descending chain condition.

Denote the lattice of left annihilator ideals of R as <math>\mathcal{LA}\,</math> and the lattice of right annihilator ideals of R as <math>\mathcal{RA}\,</math>. It is known that <math>\mathcal{LA}\,</math> satisfies the ascending chain condition if and only if <math>\mathcal{RA}\,</math> satisfies the descending chain condition, and symmetrically <math>\mathcal{RA}\,</math> satisfies the ascending chain condition if and only if <math>\mathcal{LA}\,</math> satisfies the descending chain condition. If either lattice has either of these chain conditions, then R has no infinite pairwise orthogonal sets of idempotents. Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

If R is a ring for which <math>\mathcal{LA}\,</math> satisfies the A.C.C. and _RR has finite uniform dimension, then R is called a left Goldie ring.Template:Sfn

Category-theoretic description for commutative rings

When R is commutative and M is an R-module, we may describe Ann_R(M) as the kernel of the action map Template:Nowrap determined by the adjunct map of the identity Template:Nowrap along the Hom-tensor adjunction.

More generally, given a bilinear map of modules <math>F\colon M \times N \to P</math>, the annihilator of a subset <math>S \subseteq M</math> is the set of all elements in <math>N</math> that annihilate <math>S</math>:

<math>\operatorname{Ann}(S) := \{ n \in N \mid \forall s \in S: F(s,n) = 0 \} .</math>

Conversely, given <math>T \subseteq N</math>, one can define an annihilator as a subset of <math>M</math>.

The annihilator gives a Galois connection between subsets of <math>M</math> and <math>N</math>, and the associated closure operator is stronger than the span. In particular:

• annihilators are submodules
• <math>\operatorname{Span}S \leq \operatorname{Ann}(\operatorname{Ann}(S))</math>
• <math>\operatorname{Ann}(\operatorname{Ann}(\operatorname{Ann}(S))) = \operatorname{Ann}(S)</math>

An important special case is in the presence of a nondegenerate form on a vector space, particularly an inner product: then the annihilator associated to the map <math>V \times V \to K</math> is called the orthogonal complement.

Relations to other properties of rings

Given a module M over a Noetherian commutative ring R, a prime ideal of R that is an annihilator of a nonzero element of M is called an associated prime of M.

• Annihilators are used to define left Rickart rings and Baer rings.
• The set of (left) zero divisors D_S of S can be written as

<math>D_S = \bigcup_{x \in S \setminus \{0\}}{\mathrm{Ann}_R(x)}.</math>

(Here we allow zero to be a zero divisor.)

In particular D_R is the set of (left) zero divisors of R taking S = R and R acting on itself as a left R-module.

• When R is commutative and Noetherian, the set <math>D_R</math> is precisely equal to the union of the associated primes of the R-module R.

See also

• Faltings' annihilator theorem
• Socle
• Support of a module

Notes

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References

• Template:Citation
• Israel Nathan Herstein (1968) Noncommutative Rings, Carus Mathematical Monographs #15, Mathematical Association of America, page 3.
• Template:Citation
• Richard S. Pierce. Associative algebras. Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Vol. 88, Springer-Verlag, 1982, Template:ISBN