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Annona

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Annona or Anona (from Taíno annon) is a genus of flowering plants in the pawpaw/sugar apple family, Annonaceae. It is the second largest genus in the family after Guatteria,<ref name="ITIS">{{#if:18095 | {{#invoke:template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon 

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| Template:Citation error }}</ref> containing approximately 166<ref name="TFL">Species of Annona on The Plant List. Retrieved 2013-05-28.</ref> species of mostly Neotropical and Afrotropical trees and shrubs.<ref name="FNA">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The generic name derives from anón, a Hispaniolan Taíno word for the fruit.<ref name="Austin">Template:Cite book</ref> Paleoethnobotanical studies have dated Annona exploitation and cultivation in the Yautepec River region of Mexico to approximately 1000 BC.<ref name="ABP">Template:Cite book</ref> Plants of the genus have several common names, including sugar-apple, soursop, anona, cherimoya and guanábana.

Currently, seven Annona species (A. cherimola, A. muricata, A. squamosa, A. reticulata, A. senegalensis, A. scleroderma, A. purpurea) and one hybrid (the atemoya) are cultivated for domestic or commercial use, mostly for the edible and nutritious fruits; several others such as A. crassiflora and A. salzmannii also produce edible fruits.<ref name="icuc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Many of the species are used in traditional medicines for the treatment of a variety of diseases, though their efficacy has yet to be validated scientifically. Several annonaceous species have been found to contain acetogenins, a class of natural compounds with a wide variety of biological activities.<ref name="Products">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="biochem">Template:Cite journal</ref> The first complete genome for a species in this genus (Annona muricata) was published in 2021.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The earliest fossils have been found in the Lance Formation dating to the Late Cretaceous.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DescriptionEdit

Annona species are taprooted, evergreen or semideciduous, tropical trees or shrubs.<ref name="FNA"/> The plants typically grow in areas where air temperature does not drop below Template:Convert, especially Cuba, Jamaica, Central America, India the Philippines and Calabria (southern Italy). However, they have also been known to grow in certain parts of the Andes mountains in South America and in Florida.

The woody trunks have thin bark that has broad and shallow depressions or fissures which join together and are scaly, giving rise to slender, stiff, cylindrical, and tapering shoots with raised pores and naked buds.<ref name="FNA"/> Leaf blades can be leathery or thin and rather soft or pliable, bald or hairy.<ref name="FNA"/>

The flowering stalks rise from axils, or occasionally from axillary buds on main stems or older stems, or as solitary flowers or small bundles of flowers. Usually, the three or four deciduous sepals are smaller than the outer petals that do not overlap while in bud. Six to eight fleshy petals are arranged in two whorls—the petals of the outer whorl are larger and do not overlap; inner petals are ascending and distinctively smaller, and nectar glands are darker pigmented. The numerous stamens are ball-shaped, club-shaped, or curved and hooded or pointed beyond anther sac. Numerous pistils, attached directly to the base, are partially united to various degrees with a distinct stigma, with one or two ovules per pistil; the style and stigma are club-shaped or narrowly conic.<ref name="FNA"/>

One fleshy, ovate to spherical fruit is produced per flower. Each fruit consists of many individual small fruits or syncarps, with one syncarp and seed per pistil. Seeds are bean-like with tough coats; the seed kernels are toxic.<ref name="FNA"/>

Pollination occurs via Dynastid scarab beetles, which appear to be basic generalists within the genus Annona. Those species of Annona which are more morphologically derived, as well as all Rollinia spp., possess reduced floral chambers and attract small beetles such as Nitidulidae or Staphylinidae.<ref name="Systematics">Template:Cite journal</ref>

ToxicologyEdit

File:Annonacin.svg
Annonacin is a neurotoxin found in Annona muricata seeds.

The compound annonacin and dozens of other acetogenins contained in the seeds and fruit of some members of Annonaceae such as Annona muricata (soursop) are neurotoxins and seem to be the cause of a Parkinson-like neurodegenerative disease. The only group of people known to be affected by this disease live on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and the problem presumably occurs with the consumption of plants containing annonacin. The disorder is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain. Experimental results published in 2007 demonstrated for the first time that the plant neurotoxin annonacin is responsible for this accumulation.<ref>Informationsdienst Wissenschaft: Tauopathie durch pflanzliches Nervengift Template:Webarchive, 4. Mai 2007</ref>

Selected speciesEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} There are 169 accepted Annona species, as of April 2021, according to Plants of the World Online.<ref name="powo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

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HybridsEdit

Insects and diseasesEdit

Annona species are generally disease-free. They are susceptible to some fungi and wilt. Ants may also be a problem, since they promote mealybugs on the fruit.<ref name="vcc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Insects

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Fungi

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Nematodes

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Algae
Diseases
  • Fruit rot<ref name="Crops"/>

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

ImagesEdit

  • Atemola (cross of Annona cherimola and Annona squamosa).jpg

    Atemoya (A. cherimola × A. squamosa)

  • Cherimoya plantage hg.jpg

    Cherimoya (A. cherimola) plantation

  • Annona muricata-guanábana.jpg

    Soursop (A. muricata)

  • Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG

    Sugar apples (A. squamosa)

  • Anona-custard-apple-inside1.jpg

    Sugar apple (A. squamosa) interior

  • Anona-custard-apple-inside2.jpg

    Sugar apple interior

  • Anona-custard-apple-outside.jpg

    Sugar apple exterior

  • Annona muricata2.jpg

    Annona muricata

  • Araticum 3.jpg

    A. crassiflora fruit

  • Annona salzmannii27.JPG

    The fruit of A. salzmannii

  • Annona squamosa (Custurd Apple) flower in Hyderabad W IMG 7408.jpg

    Annona squamosa flower and leaves in Hyderabad, India

  • Annona glabra fl.jpg

    Annona glabra fruit.

  • Annona cherimola fruit, Pedra Bela, Brazil.jpg

    Annona cherimola fruit, Pedra Bela, Brazil

  • Halved annona fruit.JPG

    Halved annona fruit

  • Annona fruit.JPG

    Annona tree, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico

  • Anonna fruit.JPG

    Annona fruit

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