Antilochus
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In Greek mythology, Antilochus (Template:IPAc-en; Ancient Greek: Ἀντίλοχος Antílokhos) was a prince of Pylos and one of the Achaeans in the Trojan War. He was the youngest prince to command troops.
FamilyEdit
Antilochus was the son of King Nestor either by Anaxibia<ref>Homer, Odyssey 3.451–52</ref> or Eurydice.<ref>Apollodorus, 1.9.9</ref> He was the brother to Thrasymedes, Pisidice, Polycaste, Perseus, Stratichus, Aretus, Echephron and Peisistratus.
MythologyEdit
The Iliad tells of Antilochus' actions during the Trojan War.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> One of the suitors of Helen, Antilochus accompanied his father Nestor and his brother Thrasymedes to the war. When fighting there resumed after the aborted duel of Paris and Menelaus, Antilochus was first to kill a Trojan (namely Echepolus).<ref>Homer, Iliad 4.457–8</ref> Antilochus was distinguished for his beauty, swiftness of foot, and skill as a charioteer. Though the youngest among the Greek princes, he commanded the Pylians in the war and performed many deeds of valour. He was a favorite of the gods and a close friend of Achilles.<ref name=":0">Philostratus, Imagines, 2.7.1 (Original Greek text)</ref>
In an early battle, Menelaus ill-advisedly goes to the front lines to face Aeneas, a strong fighter for the Trojans. Antilochus goes to join Menelaus, causing Aeneas to withdraw rather than fight them both.<ref name=":1" /> Later, Menelaus directs Antilochus to lead a fight against the Trojans during a low period for the Greeks. Antilochus obeys and fights well.<ref name=":1" />
Death of PatroclusEdit
Antilochus was commissioned to tell Achilles of the death of his beloved Patroclus.Template:Sfn Ajax believed Antilochus was obviously the best person to share the news, and asked Menelaus to find Antilochus.<ref name=":1" /> According to Philostratus, Menelaus believed that Antilochus would be the best choice because Achilles already loved Antilochus. While they lamented Patroclus together, Antilochus made sure that Achilles did not commit suicide.<ref name=":0" /> Antilochus held Achilles' hands because he feared that Achilles would cut his own throat.<ref name=":1" /> Antilochus' touch, and his relationship with Achilles, served to comfort and distract Achilles from his grief.<ref name=":0" /> From this point, Achilles and Antilochus' relationship grew to replace the one between Achilles and Patroclus, but never fully eclipsed the prior relationship.<ref name=":1" />
At the funeral games of Patroclus, Antilochus finished second in the chariot race and last in the foot race. Antilochus entered the chariot race with the slowest horses of any of the heroes, and listened to detailed advice from his father before competing. During the competition, the leading hero, Eumelus, crashed via divine sabotage. Antilochus was later able to slip past Menelaus by aggressively making Menelaus fall back at a point in the track where both of their chariots could not fit side-by-side anymore. When prizes were given, Achilles felt sorry for Eumelus and suggested giving him second place instead of Antilochus. Antilochus objected, saying he would fight Achilles to keep the prize. This made Achilles smile, likely for the first time since Patroclus' death, and Achilles left the prize to Antilochus.<ref name=":1" />
Menelaus then contested Antilochus' prize, stating that Antilochus insulted him by defying him at the narrow point in the race. As their argument grew, Menelaus demanded that Antilochus swear the win came without treachery. Antilochus defused the situation by deferring to Menelaus, stating that the king was older and superior. Still, Antilochus did not admit fault. He and Menelaus then alternated public offers to give their prize to the other man.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> Later, when Antilochus lost the foot race, he made a speech declaring that the others were all older than him, and thus honored by the gods. He then complimented Achilles, and Achilles doubled Antilochus' prize.<ref name=":1" />
Death and afterlifeEdit
The epic cycle of the Aethiopis details Antilochus' death during the Trojan War.<ref name=":1" /> When Antilochus' father, Nestor, was attacked by Memnon, Antilochus sacrificed himself to save Nestor, thus fulfilling an oracle which had warned to "beware of an Ethiopian".<ref>Pindar, Pythian Odes 6.28</ref> The Achaeans retrieved Antilochus' body on the battlefield and lamented him. Achilles embraced Antilochus and lamented as well, promising him a glorious funeral and vengeance, in the same way Achilles had honored Patroclus.<ref>Philostratus, Imagines, 2.7.2 (Original Greek text)</ref> Achilles then killed Memnon to avenge Antilochus' death, and drove the Trojans back to the gates, where Achilles was killed by Paris.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In later accounts, Antilochus was slain by Hector<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 113</ref> or by Paris in the temple of the Thymbraean Apollo, together with Achilles.<ref>Dares Phrygius, 34</ref>
Nestor deeply grieved the death of Antilochus after the war. Peisistratus also mourned Antilochus, even though the brothers had never met.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Antilochus' ashes, along with those of Achilles and Patroclus, were enshrined in a mound on the promontory of Sigeion, where the inhabitants of Ilion offered sacrifice to the dead heroes.<ref>Homer, Odyssey 24.72</ref><ref>Strabo, 13</ref> The ashes of Achilles and Patroclus were mixed together in one urn, with Antilochus's ashes kept separately but nearby in the mound. Antilochus is described as the companion Achilles honoured most after Patroclus.<ref name=":1" /> In the Odyssey,<ref>Homer, Odyssey 11.468</ref> the three are represented as always united in the underworld and walking together in the Asphodel Meadows. However, according to Pausanias,<ref>Pausanias, 3.19</ref> they dwell together on the island of Leuke.Template:Sfn
LegacyEdit
Among the Trojans he killed were Melanippus, Ablerus, Atymnius, Phalces, Echepolos, and Thoon, although Hyginus records that he only killed two Trojans.<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 114</ref>
Antilochus left behind in Messenia a son Paeon, whose descendants were among the Neleidae expelled from Messenia, by the descendants of Heracles.<ref>Pausanias, 2.18.7–9</ref>
AnalysisEdit
There are strong parallels between the trio of Achilles, Patroclus, and Hector in the Iliad, and Achilles, Antilochus, and Memnon in the Aethiopis. This has led scholars to wonder if one of the trios was inspired by the other, and which set were the original. Neo-analysts claim that an early version of the Aethiopis inspired the Iliad, and some scholars claim that both epics influenced and contaminated each other.<ref name=":1" />
Some classicists and queer studies scholars interpret Antilochus, Achilles, and Patroclus as in love or as lovers. Their relationships could then be interpreted as successive or triadic.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref> Triadic readings pinpoint the impact that Patroclus' and Antilochus' death had on Achilles, and the trio's unique eternal bond via their burials and afterlives.<ref name=":4" /> Other analysis focuses on whether Antilochus even had a close relationship with Achilles in the Iliad resembling that of Achilles and Patroclus. Some readings find Antilochus begins to take Patroclus' place: these focus on how Antilochus was dispatched to inform Achilles of Patroclus' death, how Antilochus physically held Achilles from suicide, and how Antilochus was the first to make Achilles smile thereafter.<ref name=":3" /> Other scholars disagree that Antilochus is portrayed as growing significantly close to Achilles in the Iliad, stating that the text could have done much more to show a growing relationship and that Achilles and Patroclus were the only ones to be buried together originally.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Louis Gernet, and later scholars, have claimed that the argument between Menelaus and Antilochus over who earned the second-place prize in their chariot race was one of the earliest examples of a judicial case in Greek history.<ref name=":2" />
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Dares Phrygius, from The Trojan War. The Chronicles of Dictys of Crete and Dares the Phrygian translated by Richard McIlwaine Frazer Jr. (1931-). Indiana University Press. 1966. Online version at theio.com
- Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
- Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Template:ISBN. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Homer, Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. Template:ISBN. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Template:ISBN. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Pausanias, Description of Greece. W. H. S. Jones (translator). Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). Vol. 1. Books I–II: Template:ISBN.
- Pindar, Odes translated by Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Pindar, The Odes of Pindar including the Principal Fragments with an Introduction and an English Translation by Sir John Sandys, Litt.D., FBA. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1937. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Strabo, The Geography of Strabo. Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Strabo, Geographica edited by A. Meineke. Leipzig: Teubner. 1877. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
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