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Aosta Valley

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The Aosta Valley (Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}};Template:Efn Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}};Template:Efn Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}})Template:Efn, officially the Autonomous Region of Aosta Valley,Template:Efn is a mountainous autonomous region<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Articles 1 and 48b of the constitutional law officially assert the region's autonomy.</ref> in northwestern Italy. It is bordered by Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France, to the west; by Valais, Switzerland, to the north; and by Piedmont, Italy, to the south and east. The regional capital is Aosta.

Covering an area of Template:Convert and with 122,714 inhabitants as of 2025,<ref name="population2" /> it is the smallest, least populous, and least densely populated region of Italy. The province of Aosta having been dissolved in 1945, the Aosta Valley region was the first region of Italy to abolish provincial subdivisions,<ref name="camera.it">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> followed by Friuli-Venezia Giulia in 2017 (where they were reestablished later). Provincial administrative functions are provided by the regional government. The region is divided into 74 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Langx).

Italian and French are the official languages, and the Valdôtain dialect of Franco-Provençal is also officially recognized. Italian is spoken as a mother tongue by 77.29% of the population, Valdôtain by 17.91%, and French by 1.25%. In 2009, reportedly 50.53% of the population could speak all three languages.<ref name="Vallée d 2009, p. 20">Template:Cite book</ref>

GeographyEdit

File:Monte Bianco DSF1243-m.jpg
Mont Blanc in Aosta Valley, the highest point in the European Union
File:Lago Blu 2.jpg
Blue Lake<ref>Lovevda.it</ref> and the Matterhorn

The Aosta Valley is an Alpine valley which, with its tributary valleys, includes the Italian slopes of Mont Blanc, Monte Rosa, Gran Paradiso and the Matterhorn; its highest peak is Mont Blanc (Template:Cvt). This makes it the highest region in Italy, according to the list of Italian regions by highest point.

ClimateEdit

The valleys, usually above Template:Cvt, annually have a cold continental climate (Dfc). In this climate, the snow season is very long, as long as 8 or 9 months at the highest points. During the summer, mist occurs almost every day. These areas are the wettest in the western Alps. Temperatures in January are low, between Template:Convert, and in July are between Template:Convert.

Areas between Template:Cvt usually have a tundra climate (ET), where every month has an average temperature below Template:Convert. This climate may be either a kind of more severe cold oceanic climate, with a low summer average but mild winters, sometimes above Template:Convert, especially near lakes, or a more severe cold continental climate, with a very low winter average. Temperature averages in Plateau Rosa, at Template:Cvt high, are Template:Convert in January and Template:Convert in July. It is the coldest place in Italy where the climate is verifiable.<ref name="meteoam.it 2012">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the past, above Template:Cvt, all months had an average temperature below freezing, with a perpetual frost climate (EF). In recent years, however, there has been a rise in temperatures. See, as an example, the data for Plateau Rosa.<ref name="meteoam.it 2012"/>

HistoryEdit

File:Aosta Teatro romano 03.jpg
Remains of the Roman Theatre, Aosta

Early inhabitants of the Aosta Valley were Celts and Ligures, whose language heritage remains in some local placenames. Rome conquered the region from the local Salassi around 25 BC and founded Augusta Prætoria Salassorum (modern-day Aosta) to secure the strategic mountain passes, and they went on to build bridges and roads through the mountains. Thus, the name Valle d'Aosta literally means "Valley of Augustus".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Aoste tour des seigneurs de quart.jpg
Signori di Quart tower in aosta

In 1031–1032, Humbert I of Savoy, the founder of the House of Savoy, received the title Count of Aosta from Emperor Conrad II of the Franconian line and built himself a commanding fortification at Bard. Saint Anselm of Canterbury was born in Aosta in 1033 or 1034. The region was divided among strongly fortified castles, and in 1191, Thomas I of Savoy found it necessary to grant to the communes a Charte des franchises ("Charter of Liberties") which preserved autonomy—rights that were fiercely defended until 1770, when they were revoked to tie Aosta more closely to Piedmont, but which were again demanded during post-Napoleonic times. In the mid-13th century, Emperor Frederick II made the County of Aosta a duchy (see Duke of Aosta), and its arms charged with a lion rampant were carried in the Savoy arms until the reunification of Italy in 1870.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The region remained part of Savoy lands, with the exceptions of French occupations from 1539 to 1563, later in 1691, and then between 1704 and 1706. It was also ruled by the First French Empire between 1800 and 1814. During French rule, it was part of Aoste arrondissement in Doire department.<ref name=Gallica>Almanach Impérial an bissextil MDCCCXII, pp. 392–393, accessed in Gallica 18 February 2015 Template:In lang</ref> As part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, it joined the new Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

French forces briefly controlled the area at the end of World War II, but withdrew under British and American pressure.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The region gained special autonomous status after the end of World War II; the province of Aosta ceased to exist in 1945.<ref name="camera.it"/>

Government and politicsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} For decades, the valley has been dominated by autonomist regional parties such as the Valdostan Union, which represents the interests of the French-speaking population.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The latest regional election was held in September 2020. On 2 March 2023, Renzo Testolin was elected regional president, supported by a coalition of autonomist and progressive lists.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Aosta Valley, being the smallest region of Italy by area, is not divided into provinces. Nevertheless, it is still divided into 74 comunes namely:

File:Valle d'Aosta map it.jpg
Map of the Aosta Valley
ISTAT code Municipality Population
(2005)
007001 Allein 243
007002 Antey-Saint-André 602
007003 Aosta / Aoste 34,270
007004 Arnad 1,294
007005 Arvier 848
007006 Avise 312
007007 Ayas 1,296
007008 Aymavilles 1,966
007009 Bard 135
007010 Bionaz 244
007011 Brissogne 962
007012 Brusson 860
007013 Challand-Saint-Anselme 695
007014 Challand-Saint-Victor 589
007015 Chambave 937
007016 Chamois 99
007017 Champdepraz 674
007018 Champorcher 417
007019 Charvensod 2,333
007020 Châtillon 4,846
007021 Cogne 1,470
007022 Courmayeur 2,979
007023 Donnas 2,661
007024 Doues 409
007025 Émarèse 217
007026 Étroubles 472
007027 Fénis 1,653
007028 Fontainemore 412
007029 Gaby 490
007030 Gignod 1,352
007031 Gressan 2,981
007032 Gressoney-La-Trinité 306
007033 Gressoney-Saint-Jean 799
007034 Hône 1,162
007035 Introd 573
007036 Issime 400
007037 Issogne 1,374
007038 Jovençan 709
007039 La Magdeleine 95
007040 La Salle 1,985
007041 La Thuile 766
007042 Lillianes 494
007043 Montjovet 1,795
007044 Morgex 1,938
007045 Nus 2,713
007046 Ollomont 161
007047 Oyace 211
007048 Perloz 467
007049 Pollein 1,441
007050 Pontboset 190
007051 Pontey 742
007052 Pont-Saint-Martin 3,957
007053 Pré-Saint-Didier 968
007054 Quart 3,263
007055 Rhêmes-Notre-Dame 124
007056 Rhêmes-Saint-Georges 200
007057 Roisan 900
007058 Saint-Christophe 3,124
007059 Saint-Denis 361
007060 Saint-Marcel 1,206
007061 Saint-Nicolas 325
007062 Saint-Oyen 218
007063 Saint-Pierre 2,785
007064 Saint-Rhémy-en-Bosses 387
007065 Saint-Vincent 4,833
007066 Sarre 4,434
007067 Torgnon 522
007068 Valgrisenche 184
007069 Valpelline 627
007070 Valsavarenche 178
007071 Valtournenche 2,169
007072 Verrayes 1,305
007073 Verrès 2,623
007074 Villeneuve 1,136
Total 122,868

DemographicsEdit

Template:Multiple image Template:Historical populations

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Nationality Population
Template:Flagu 2,361
Template:Flagu 1,553
Template:Flagu 695
Template:Flagdeco China 298
Template:Flagu 272
Template:Flagu 261
Template:Flagu 235
Template:Flagu 220
Template:Flagu 179
Template:Flagu 160
Template:Flagu 144
Template:Flagu 105
Template:Flagu 102

The population density of Aosta Valley is by far the lowest of the Italian regions. In 2008, 38.9 inhabitants per km2 were registered in the region, whereas the average national figure was 198.8, though the region has extensive uninhabitable areas of mountain and glacier, with a substantial part of the population living in the central valley.

Negative natural population growth since 1976 has been more than offset by immigration. The region has one of Italy's lowest birth rates, with a rising average age. This, too, is partly compensated by immigration, since most immigrants arriving in the region are younger people working in the tourist industry. Between 1991 and 2001, the population of Aosta Valley grew by 3.1%, which is the highest growth among the Italian regions. With a negative natural population growth, this is due exclusively to positive net migration.<ref name=StatDemo/> Between 2001 and 2011, the population of Aosta Valley grew by a further 7.07%. Template:As of, the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) estimated that 4,976 foreign-born immigrants live in Aosta Valley, equal to 4.0% of the total regional population.

The Valdôtain population and their language dialects have been the subject of some sociological research.<ref>Template:Cite journal
Template:Cite journal</ref>

EconomyEdit

Template:See also

File:Cime Bianche.JPG
Ski facilities in Breuil-Cervinia and, in the background, the Matterhorn
File:FontainemoreAugust192023 01.jpg
Fontainemore is one of "The Most Beautiful Villages in Italy".

The economy of the Aosta Valley is based above all on the tertiary sector, in particular on tourism. Due to the autonomy conferred by the special statute, the public sector, which administers most of the regional financial resources, plays a role of primary importance in the Aosta Valley economy. The industries are concentrated in the lower valley (between Verrès-Champdepraz and Pont-Saint-Martin) and are often small to medium sized. However, the contribution of agriculture and livestock to the regional economy is modest. Potatoes, apples, vines, barley are grown and cattle are raised. The artisanal production is significant, in which wooden sculpture emerges.

Aosta Valley has many small and picturesque villages, three of them have been selected by {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Langx),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These villages are:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Notable wines include two white wines from Morgex (Blanc de Morgex et de La Salle and Chaudelune), a red wine blend from Arvier (Enfer d'Arvier) and one from Gamay.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Valle d'Aosta DOC (or Vallée d'Aoste DOC, in French<ref>Due to the official bilingual status of the Aosta Valley.</ref>) is an Italian denominazione di origine controllata located in the Aosta Valley of north-west Italy. Surrounded by the Alps, the Valle d'Aosta is home to the highest elevated vineyards in all of Europe. The principal winemaking region of the Valle d'Aosta is found along the eastern banks of the Dora Baltea (fr., Doire baltée) river with the city of Aosta serving as the central winemaking location. The region is divided into three main vineyard areas; the upper valley, Valdigne, the central valley (locally Valle centrale in Italian, Vallée centrale in French) and the lower valley, (locally Bassa valle in Italian, Basse vallée in French).

CultureEdit

LanguagesEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Template:Bar box Template:Bar box

The Aosta Valley was the first government authority to adopt Modern French as the official language in 1536, three years before France itself.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Panneaux Chambarlet Aoste.jpg
Bilingual road sign at Chambarlet (Aosta), with French going before Italian.

Since 1946, Italian and French are the region's official languages<ref name=statut/> and are used for the regional government's acts and laws, though Italian is the most widespread mother tongue and thus is much more widely spoken in everyday life, while French is mostly spoken in cultural life. Education is conducted evenly in French and Italian,<ref name=statut/> so that anyone who has gone to school in the Aosta Valley can speak both languages to at least a medium-high level.<ref name=aostebi>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Legal decree No.365 of 11 November 1946 (art.2) states that it is mandatory to know both Italian and French to teach in Aosta Valley's schools.<ref>D.Lgs.C.P.S. 11 novembre 1946, n. 365. Ordinamento delle scuole e del personale insegnante della Valle d'Aosta ed istituzione nella Valle stessa di una Sovraintendenza agli studi.</ref> According to Aosta Valley's autonomous status (art.39), the same quantity of hours of French and Italian teaching must be held.<ref>Loi constitutionnelle n° 4 du 26 février 1948 – Statut spécial pour la Vallée d'Aoste.</ref> The decree No.861 of the President of the Republic of 31 October 1975 (art.5) states that it is mandatory to pass a French exam to teach in Aosta Valley for Italian native speakers, as well an Italian exam for French native speakers.<ref>D.P.R. 31 ottobre 1975, n. 861. – Organici delle scuole primarie, secondarie ed artistiche della Valle d'Aosta.</ref> Italian law No.196 of 16 May 1978 states the adaptation rules of national educational programmes into French for Aosta Valley, and states as well that all members of the examination boards must be fluent both in Italian and French.<ref>Legge del 16 maggio 1978, n. 196 – Norme di attuazione dello statuto speciale della Valle d'Aosta. (GU Serie Generale n.141 del 23-05-1978)</ref> Aosta Valley students must pass an extra test in French at the Secondary education final exam, similar to the first test (in Italian).

The regional language, known as patoué valdotèn or simply patoué (patois valdôtain in French), is a dialectal variety of Franco-Provençal. It is spoken as a native and second language by 68,000 residents, or about 58% of the population according to a sociolinguistic survey carried out by the Fondation Émile Chanoux in 2001.<ref name=2001survey>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The survey found that the Italian language was native to 77.29% of respondents, Franco-Provençal to 17.91%, and French to 1.25%, though the active use of these languages by the population shows French at 75.41% and Franco-Provençal at 55.77%. The population of Gressoney-Saint-Jean, Gressoney-La-Trinité and Issime, in the Lys Valley, speak two dialects of Walser German, Titsch and Töitschu respectively.<ref name="aostebi" /> According to the survey, Walser German was spoken as a mother tongue by 207 people, or 17.78%, in these three villages. Nevertheless, it was known to 56.38% of the population.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Castles and fortressesEdit

There are numerous medieval castles and fortified houses in the Aosta Valley, including Châtel-Argent, Saint-Pierre Castle, Fénis Castle, Issogne Castle, Bard Fort, Ussel Castle, Sarre Castle, Cly Castle, Verrès Castle, and Châtelard Castle.<ref name=mass>Massetti, E. "Aosta Valley Castles" n.d., accessed 15 March 2014.</ref> Savoy Castle in Gressoney-Saint-Jean was conceived in the 19th century and completed in 1904.<ref name=mass/> Since 1990, it has also been home to the Savoy Castle Alpine Botanical Garden.

CuisineEdit

File:Fontina DOP.jpg
Fontina

The cuisine of Aosta Valley is characterized by simplicity and revolves around "robust" ingredients such as potatoes, polenta; cheese and meat; and rye bread. Many of the dishes involve Fontina,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a cheese with PDO status, made from cow's milk that originates from the valley. It is found in dishes such as the soup à la vâpeuleunèntse<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (Valpelline Soup). Other cheeses made in the region are Tomme de Gressoney<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Seras. Fromadzo (Valdôtain for cheese) has been produced locally since the 15th century and also has PDO status.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Regional specialities, besides Fontina, are Motzetta (dried chamois meat), Vallée d'Aoste Lard d'Arnad<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (a cured and brined fatback product with PDO designation), Vallée d'Aoste Jambon de Bosses<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (a kind of ham, likewise with PDO designation), a dark bread made with rye, and honey.

Notable dishes include Carbonnade, similar to the Belgian dish of the same name consisting of salt-cured beef cooked with onions and red wine served with polenta; breaded veal cutlets called costolette; teuteuns,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> salt-cured cow's udder that is cooked and sliced; and steak à la valdôtaine,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a steak with croûtons, ham and melted cheese.

TransportEdit

Template:Multiple image The main road axes arise in the valley floor. They are the Aosta Valley state road 26 and the Autostrada A5 (Turin-Aosta-Mont Blanc Tunnel). The Mont Blanc Tunnel connects Courmayeur to Chamonix, France. The Great Saint Bernard Pass connects Saint-Rhémy-en-Bosses with Martigny in Switzerland, while the Little Saint Bernard Pass connects the La Thuile valley with the Isère valley and the municipality of Bourg-Saint-Maurice, in France.

The railway line is the Chivasso–Ivrea–Aosta railway, currently undergoing modernization works, the railway service, therefore, will be carried out from January 2024 with replacement buses. The region's airport is the Aosta Valley Airport, in Saint-Christophe.

GalleryEdit

See alsoEdit

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NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

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External linksEdit

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