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Gabriel

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In the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam), Gabriel (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell)Template:Refn is an archangel with the power to announce God's will to mankind, as the messenger of God.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and the Quran. Many Christian traditions – including Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Anglicanism – revere Gabriel as a saint.<ref name=Zimmerman>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Blersch2019">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>For example, Book of Common Prayer 1662, Calendar (29 September) "S. Michael and all Angels", page xxix; or propers, page 227, "Saint Michael and All Angels".</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the Hebrew Bible, Gabriel appears to the prophet Daniel to explain his visions (Daniel 8:15–26, 9:21–27). The archangel also appears in the Book of Enoch and other ancient Jewish writings not preserved in Hebrew. Alongside the archangel Michael, Gabriel is described as the guardian angel of the people of Israel, defending it against the angels of the other peoples.

In the New Testament, the Gospel of Luke relates the Annunciation, in which the angel Gabriel appears to Zechariah foretelling the birth of John the Baptist with the angel Gabriel foretelling the Virgin Mary the birth of Jesus Christ, respectively (Luke 1:11–38).

Islam regards Gabriel as an archangel sent by God to various prophets, including Muhammad.<ref name="EoQ"/> The first five verses of the Al-Alaq, the 96th chapter of the Quran, are believed by Muslims to have been the first verses revealed by Gabriel to Muhammad.<ref name="EoQ"/>

EtymologyEdit

The name Gabriel (Hebrew: גַּבְרִיאֵל, Gaḇrīʾēl) is composed of the first person singular possessive form of the Hebrew noun gever (גֶּבֶר), meaning "man", and ʾĒl, meaning "God". This would make the translation of the archangel's name "man of God".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Proclus of Constantinople, in his famous Homily 1, stated that the meaning of Gabriel's name prefigured that Jesus, whose birth was announced by Gabriel, would be both man and God.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

ZoroastrianismEdit

File:فرشته بر روی طاق بزرگ، طاق بستان - panoramio.jpg
Relief of Angel, Taq-e Bostan

After the Jews' exile to Babylon in the 6th century BCE, Jewish beliefs underwent a significant transformation. Exposure to Zoroastrianism, with its intricate angelology and the concept of a cosmic struggle between good and evil, likely influenced this evolution. The striking similarities between "holy immortal" (Amesha Spentas) Vohu Manah (or "good mind") and Gabriel's role as a messenger suggest a potential connection. This exposure to Zoroastrian angelology during the exile period may have played a part in shaping Gabriel's prominent role as a divine messenger in Judaism.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

JudaismEdit

Hebrew BibleEdit

In the Hebrew Bible, Gabriel appears to the prophet Daniel to explain his visions (Daniel 8:15–26, 9:21–27). Later, in Daniel's final vision, an angel, not named but likely Gabriel again, appears to him and speaks of receiving help from prince Michael in battle against the prince of Persia (Daniel 10:13, 21) and also Michael's role in times to come (Daniel 12:1). These are the first instances of a named angel in the Bible. Gabriel's main function in Daniel is that of revealer, responsible for interpreting Daniel's visions, a role he continues to have in later traditions.

Rabbinic JudaismEdit

Gabriel, (Template:Langx) is interpreted by Talmudic rabbis to be the "man in linen" mentioned in the Book of Daniel and the Book of Ezekiel. Talmudic Judaism understands the angel in the Book of Ezekiel, who was sent to destroy Jerusalem, to be Gabriel. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, Gabriel takes the form of a man, and stands at the left hand of God.<ref name=je>Template:Cite book</ref> Shimon ben Lakish (Syria Palaestina, 3rd century) concluded that the angelic names of Michael, Raphael, and Gabriel came out of the Babylonian exile (Gen. Rab. 48:9).<ref name=everson/> Alongside the archangel Michael, Gabriel is described as the guardian angel of Israel, defending this people against the angels of the other nations.<ref name="philologos.org">Ginzberg, Louis. 1909. Legends of the Jews Vol I: The Creation of The World – The First Things Created Template:Webarchive, translated by H. Szold. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Jewish Publication Society.</ref>

Mystical JudaismEdit

In Kabbalah, Gabriel is identified with the sefira of Yesod. Gabriel also has a prominent role as one of God's archangels in the Kabbalah literature. There, Gabriel is portrayed as working in concert with Michael as part of God's court. Gabriel is not to be prayed to because only God can answer prayers and sends Gabriel as his agent.<ref name=je/>

According to Jewish mythology, in the Garden of Eden there is a tree of life or the "tree of souls"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> that blossoms and produces new souls, which fall into the Guf, the treasury of souls. Gabriel reaches into the treasury and takes out the first soul that comes into his hand.

In Islam, the tree of souls is referred to as the Sidrat al-Muntaha (and is identified as a Ziziphus spina-christi).

ChristianityEdit

New TestamentEdit

Gabriel's first appearance in the New Testament concerns the annunciation of the birth of John the Baptist. John's father Zachariah, a priest of the course of Abia, (Template:Bibleverse) was childless because his wife Elisabeth was barren. An angel appears to Zacharias while he is ministering in the Temple to announce the birth of his son. When Zachariah questions the angel, the angel gives his name as Gabriel:

File:ANGELICO, Fra Annunciation, 1437-46 (2236990916).jpg
Gabriel announcing the incarnation to Mary, by Fra Angelico, c. 1440Template:Ndash1445 (Convent of San Marco)

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After completing his required week<ref>THE Dedication (Jesus' birth) "The priests serve 4 weeks per year: 1 week twice a year in courses, and the two week-long feasts, unleavened bread and tabernacles. Pentecost is a one-day observance, which would have come before Zacharias' (the 8th) course began, or at the latest, the 1st day of his course, which was from 12 thru 18 Sivan, or noon on the 19th, if Josephus is correct that courses changed at noon on the sabbaths." Josephus Antiquities b.7 ch.14 s.7 "eight days, from sabbath to sabbath". Josephus against Apion b.2 sect.8 "mid-day"</ref> of ministry, Zacharias returns to his home and his wife Elizabeth conceives. After she has completed five months of her pregnancy (Template:Bibleverse), Gabriel appears again, now to Mary, to announce the birth of Jesus:

File:The Annunciation, Philadelphia Museum of Art, W1899-1-1-pma, by Henry Ossawa Tanner.jpg
The Annunciation, by Henry Ossawa Tanner (1898)

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Gabriel only appears by name in those two passages in Luke. In the first passage the angel identified himself as Gabriel, but in the second it is Luke who identified him as Gabriel. The only other named angels in the New Testament are Michael the Archangel (in Template:Bibleverse) and Abaddon (in Template:Bibleverse). Believers are expressly warned not to worship angels in two New Testament passages: Template:Bibleverse and Template:Bibleverse.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Intertestamental literatureEdit

Gabriel is not called an archangel in the canonical Bible. However, the intertestamental period (roughly 200 BC – 50 AD) produced a wealth of literature, much of it having an apocalyptic orientation. The names and ranks of angels and devils were greatly expanded in this literature, and each had particular duties and status before God. This was the period when Gabriel was first referred to as an archangel.

In 1 Enoch 9:1–3, Gabriel, along with Michael, Uriel, and Suriel, "saw much blood being shed upon the earth" (9:1) and heard the souls of men cry, "Bring our cause before the Most High" (9:3). In 1 Enoch 10:1, the reply came from "the Most High, the Holy and Great One" who sent forth agents, including Gabriel—

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And the Lord said to Gabriel: "Proceed against the bastards and the reprobates, and against the children of fornication: and destroy [the children of fornication and] the children of the Watchers from amongst men [and cause them to go forth]: send them one against the other that they may destroy each other in battle: for length of days shall they not have."{{#if:1 Enoch 10:9|{{#if:|}}

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Gabriel is the fifth of the five angels who keep watch: "Gabriel, one of the holy angels, who is over Paradise and the serpents and the Cherubim". (1 Enoch 20:7) When Enoch asked who the four figures were that he had seen:

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And he said to me: 'This first is Michael, the merciful and long-suffering: and the second, who is set over all the diseases and all the wounds of the children of men, is Raphael: and the third, who is set over all the powers, is Gabriel: and the fourth, who is set over the repentance unto hope of those who inherit eternal life, is named Phanuel.' And these are the four angels of the Lord of Spirits and the four voices I heard in those days.{{#if:Enoch 40:9|{{#if:|}}

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GnosticismEdit

The Christian movement of Gnosticism paid special attention to angels as beings belonging to a pantheon of spiritual forces involved in the creation of the world. According to one ancient Gnostic manuscript, the Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit, Gabriel is a divine being and inhabitant of the Pleroma who existed prior to the Demiurge.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Medieval Christian traditionsEdit

  • Annonciation portail Reims.jpg

    Archangel Gabriel at the façade of the Cathedral of Reims, late 13th century

  • Llanbeblig Hours (f. 1r.) The Annunciation, Gabriel kneeling on one knee.jpg

    The Annunciation from the Llanbeblig Book of Hours (late 14th century), showing Gabriel kneeling on one knee

  • Gabriel from Vysotsky chin (14c, Tretyakov gallery).jpg

    Icon of Gabriel, Byzantine, c. 1387–1395 (Tretyakov Gallery)

  • Archangel Gabriel. Tsalenjikha fresco (Georgia, 14th c.).jpg

    Archangel Gabriel. A fresco from the Tsalenjikha Cathedral by Cyrus Emanuel Eugenicus. 14th century.

  • 0 Venise, statue de l'archange Gabriel - Palais des Doges.JPG

    Statue of Archangel Gabriel (15th century), adorning the top of the northwest corner pillar of the Palazzo Ducale in Venice

  • Gabriel Archangel Hajdudorog.JPG

    Gabriel on the southern deacons' door of the iconostasis in the Cathedral of Hajdúdorog, Hungary

In an early work, the "four homilies on the Missus Est", Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153 AD) interpreted Gabriel's name as "the strength of God", and his symbolic function in the gospel story as announcement of the strength or virtue of Christ, both as the strength of God incarnate and as the strength given by God to the timorous people who would bring into the world a fearful and troublesome event. "Therefore it was an opportune choice that designated Gabriel for the work he had to accomplish, or rather, because he was to accomplish it therefore he was called Gabriel."<ref>Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Four homilies on the Missus Est [1], first homily, paragraph 2.</ref>

Feast dayEdit

The feast day of Saint Gabriel the Archangel was exclusively celebrated on 18 March according to many sources dating between 1588 and 1921; unusually, a source published in 1856<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> has the feast celebrated on 7 April for unknown reasons (a parenthetical note states that the day is normally celebrated on 18 March). Writer Elizabeth Drayson mentions the feast being celebrated on 18 March 1588 in her 2013 book "The Lead Books of Granada".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

One of the oldest out-of-print sources placing the feast on 18 March, first published in 1608, is Flos sanctorum: historia general de la vida y hechos de Jesu-Christo ... y de los santos de que reza y haze fiesta la Iglesia Catholica ... by the Spanish writer Alonso de Villegas; a newer edition of this book was published in 1794.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Another source published in Ireland in 1886 the Irish Ecclesiastical Record also mentions 18 March.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The feast of Saint Gabriel was included by Pope Benedict XV in the General Roman Calendar in 1921, for celebration on 24 March.<ref>Butler's Lives of the saints, vol. 1, edited by Herbert Thurston and Donald Attwater, Christian Classics, 1981 Template:ISBN.</ref> In 1969, the day was officially transferred to 29 September for celebration in conjunction with the feast of the archangels Ss. Michael and Raphael.<ref>Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 119.</ref> The Church of England has also adopted the 29 September date, known as Michaelmas.

The Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches that follow the Byzantine Rite celebrate his feast day (Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers) on 8 November (for those churches that follow the traditional Julian Calendar, 8 November currently falls on 21 November of the modern Gregorian Calendar, a difference of 13 days). Eastern Orthodox commemorate him, not only on his November feast, but also on two other days:

  • 26 March is the "Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel" and celebrates his role in the Annunciation (eavetaking of the Annunciation)
  • 13 July is also known as the "Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel" and celebrates all the appearances and miracles attributed to Gabriel throughout history. The feast was first established on Mount Athos when, in the 9th century, during the reign of Emperor Basil II and Empress Constantina Porphyrogenitus and while Nicholas Chrysoverges was Patriarch of Constantinople, the Archangel appeared in a cell<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> near Karyes, where he wrote with his finger on a stone tablet the hymn to the Theotokos, "It is truly meet ...".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Saint Gabriel the Archangel is commemorated on the vigil of the Feast of the Annunciation by Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and ROCOR Western Rite.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Coptic Orthodox Church celebrates his feast on 13 Paoni,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 22 Koiak, and 26 Paoni.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One medieval Coptic work, the Investiture of the Archangel Gabriel, attributes the feast day of 22 Koiak to the day he was given the rank of archangel in heaven.<ref name="jenott">Template:Cite book</ref>

The Ethiopian Church celebrates his feast on 18 December (in the Ethiopian calendar), with a sizeable number of its believers making a pilgrimage to a church dedicated to "Saint Gabriel" in Kulubi and Wonkshet on that day.<ref>Nega Mezlekia, Notes from the Hyena's Belly: An Ethiopian Childhood (New York: Picador, 2000), p. 266. Template:ISBN.</ref>

In the Lutheran Churches, Gabriel is celebrated on the Feast of the Archangels on 29 September.<ref name="Blersch2019"/>

Additionally, Gabriel is the patron saint of messengers, those who work for broadcasting and telecommunications such as radio and television, postal workers, clerics, diplomats, and stamp collectors.<ref name="Guiley2004p140">Template:Cite book</ref>

Gabriel's hornEdit

Template:See also A familiar image of Gabriel has him blowing a trumpet blast to announce the resurrection of the dead at the end of time. However, though the Bible mentions a trumpet blast preceding the resurrection of the dead, it never specifies Gabriel as the trumpeter. Different passages state different things: the angels of the Son of Man (Matthew 24:31); the voice of the Son of God (John 5:25–29); God's trumpet (I Thessalonians 4:16); seven angels sounding a series of blasts (Revelation 8–11); or simply "a trumpet will sound" (I Corinthians 15:52).<ref name="svm">S. Vernon McCasland, "Gabriel's Trumpet", Journal of Bible and Religion 9:3:159–161 (August 1941) Template:JSTOR.</ref> Likewise the early Christian Church Fathers do not mention Gabriel as a trumpeter; and in Jewish and Muslim traditions, Gabriel is again not identified as a trumpeter.<ref>In Judaism, trumpets are prominent, and they seem to be blown by God himself, or sometimes Michael. In Islamic tradition, it is Israfil who blows the trumpet, though he is not named in the Qur'an.</ref> The earliest known identification of Gabriel as a trumpeter comes from the Hymn of the Armenian Saint Nerses Shnorhali, "for Protection in the Night":<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The sound of Gabriel's trumpet on the last night, make us worthy to hear, and to stand on your right hand among the sheep with lanterns of inextinguishable light; to be like the five wise virgins, so that with the bridegroom in the bride chamber we, his spiritual brides may enter into glory.

In 1455, in Armenian art, there is an illustration in an Armenian manuscript showing Gabriel sounding his trumpet as the dead climb out of their graves.<ref>Walters MS 543, fol. 14.</ref>

Evangelical Christian traditionsEdit

The image of Gabriel's trumpet blast to announce the end of time was taken up in Evangelical Christianity, where it became widespread, notably in Negro spirituals.<ref>The widespread understanding of Gabriel's horn as a symbol of the end of time in U.S. Southern culture, is apparent from its appearance in the University of Texas's school spirit song, The Eyes of Texas (1903): "The eyes of Texas are upon you, until Gabriel blows his horn." Likewise in Marc Connelly's play based on negro spirituals, The Green Pastures (1930), Gabriel has his beloved trumpet constantly with him, and the Lord has to warn him not to blow it too soon.</ref>

An earlier example occurs in John Milton's Paradise Lost (1667):<ref name="svm" /><ref>Milton, Paradise Lost, XI.72ff</ref>

<poem>

Betwixt these rockie pillars Gabriel sat Chief of the Angelic guards (IV.545f) ... He ended, and the Son gave signal high To the bright minister that watch'd, he blew His trumpet, heard in Oreb since perhaps When God descended, and perhaps once more To sound at general doom. (XI.72ff).

</poem>

It is unclear how the Armenian conception inspired Milton and the spirituals, though they presumably have a common source.<ref name="svm"/>

Latter-day SaintsEdit

In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints theology, Gabriel is believed to have lived a mortal life as the prophet Noah. The two are regarded as the same individual; Noah being his mortal name and Gabriel being his heavenly name.<ref name=":1">Template:Citation.</ref><ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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File:Miniatura Maometto.jpg
A 16th-century Siyer-i Nebi image of the archangel Jibril (Gabriel) visiting Muhammad

Gabriel (Hejazis Template:Langx;<ref>Iqbal, Muzaffar. "Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'ān." The center of Islamic Sciences (2013). p. 177</ref> also Template:Langx; other canonical writings include: Jabrāʾīl, ''Jabrīl, Jabrāyīl, and Jibrāʾīn<ref>Iqbal, Muzaffar. "Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'ān." The center of Islamic Sciences (2013). p. 177</ref>) derived from the Template:Langx)<ref name="EoQ">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name="Reynolds 2014">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name="EI2">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Luxenberg, Christoph. 2007. The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: A Contribution to the Decoding of the Language of the Koran. Verlag Hans Schiler. Template:ISBN p. 39</ref> in many places in Qur'an, is revered as one of the primary archangels and as the Angel of Revelation in Islam.<ref name="EoQ"/><ref name="Reynolds 2014"/><ref name="EI2"/> He is primarily mentioned in the verses Template:Qref, Template:Qref and Template:Qref of the Quran. However, the Quranic text doesn't refer to him as an angel.<ref name="Reynolds 2014"/> In the Quran, the archangel Gabriel appears named in Template:Qref and Template:Qref, as well as in Template:Qref, where he is mentioned along with the archangel Michael.<ref name="EoQ"/>

Tafsir (Exegetical Quranic literature) narrates that Muhammad saw the archangel Gabriel in his full angelic splendor only twice, the first time being when he received his first revelation.<ref name="EI2"/> As the Hebrew Bible portrays Gabriel as a celestial messenger sent to Daniel,<ref>Daniel 8.16, 9.21.</ref> and in the New Testament to Mary, mother of Jesus,<ref>Luke 1.26.</ref> and Zechariah,<ref>Luke 1.19.</ref> Islamic tradition holds that Gabriel was sent to numerous pre-Islamic Biblical prophets with revelation and divine injunctions, including Adam, whom Muslims believe was consoled by Gabriel sometime after the Fall, too.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> He is known by many names in Islam, such as "keeper of holiness".<ref>von Hammer-Purgstall, Josef. [1852] 2010. Die Geisterlehre der Moslimen [The Doctrine of Spirits of Muslims]. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek.</ref> In Hadith traditions, Jibril is said to have six hundred wings.<ref name="Sunnah.com Muslim">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As a messengerEdit

Muslims believe that Gabriel was mainly tasked with transmitting the scriptures from God to the prophets and messengers, as Asbab al-Nuzul or revelation<ref>Template:Qref.</ref> when Muhammad was questioned which angel is revealing the holy scriptures revelation, and Muhammad told the Jews it is revealed by Gabriel who is tasked to it.Template:Sfn

Muslims also revere Gabriel for several events that predate what they regard as the first revelation narrated in the Quran. Muslims believe that Gabriel was the angel who informed Zechariah of the Nativity of John the Baptist, as well as Mary about the future nativity of Jesus;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and that Gabriel was one of three angels who had earlier informed Abraham of the birth of Isaac (Template:Qref).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Gabriel also makes a famous appearance in the Hadith of Gabriel, in which he questions Muhammad on the core tenets of Islam.<ref name="EoQ"/>

Gabriel is also believed to have delivered punishment from God to the Sodomites by leveling the entire city of Sodom with the tip of his wing.<ref name="Nabi-Nabi Allah: Kisah Para Nabi dan Rasul Allah dalam Al-Qur'an">Template:Cite book</ref> According to a Hadith narrated by Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, which is compiled by al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi, Gabriel has the ability to regulate feeling or perception in humans, particularly happiness or sadness.<ref name="Suyuti; angel Jibril">Template:Cite book</ref>

As a warriorEdit

File:Muhammad at Badr.jpg
Muhammad at the Battle of Badr, advised by an angel. (Siyer-i Nebi, 16th century)

Gabriel is believed to have helped Muhammad overcome his adversaries significantly against an ifrit during the Night Journey.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Issa, Islam. 2016. Milton in the Arab-Muslim World. Taylor & Francis. Template:ISBN. p. 111.</ref> Gabriel is also believed to have helped Muhammad overcome his adversaries during the Battle of Badr, where according to scholars and clerics of Islam, the various hadiths, both authentics and inauthentics, has mentioned that Gabriel,<ref name="Misri; Sirah Sahabah: Zubair bin Awwam">Template:Cite book</ref> Michael, Raphael,<ref name="Israfil" /><ref group="N">Found in Mustadrak al Sahihayn.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The complete narration from Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri were: "Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Yaqoub has reported from Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al-Saadi, who told us Muhammad bin Khalid bin Uthma, told us Musa bin Yaqoub, told me Abu Al-Huwairith, that Muhammad bin Jubayr bin Mut’im told him, that he heard Ali - may God be pleased with him - addresses the people, and he said: While I was leaving from the well of Badr, a strong wind came, the like of which I had never seen, then it left, then came a strong wind, the like of which I have never seen except for the one before it, then it went, then came a strong wind that I did not see before. I have never seen anything like it except for the one before it, and the first wind was Gabriel descended among a thousand angels with the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - and the second wind was Michael who descended among a thousand angels to the right of the Messenger of God - may God bless him and his family and grant them peace - and Abu Bakr was On his right, and the third wind was Israfil. He descended with a thousand angels on the side of the Messenger of God - may God's prayers and peace be upon him and his family - and I was on the right side. When God Almighty defeated his enemies, the Messenger of God - may God's prayers and peace be upon him and his family - carried me on his horse, I blew up, and I fell On my heels, I prayed to God Almighty …" Template:Ill, Hadith scholar from Cordoba of 13-14 AD century, evaluate this hadith that he found weaknesses in Musa ibn Yaqoub and Abu al Huwairith chain, so he deemed there is weakness about this hadith.<ref name="Al Mulqin Mukhtaras">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, recent scholarship from Ali Hasan al-Halabi has noted there is another hadith which supported the participation of Raphael in Badr<ref name="Israfil">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref></ref><ref group="N">According to Islamic belief in weak chain of Hadith, Raphael were acknowledged as angel who were tasked to blower of Armageddon trumpet, and one of archangels who bear the Throne of God on their back.<ref name="Israfil2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref></ref> and thousands of best angels from third level of heaven, all came to the battle of Badr by impersonating the appearance of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, a Companions of the Prophet and bodyguard of the prophet.<ref group="N">According to one Hadith, Muhammad were told that the angels that appeared in the battle of Badr were highest in status and the "best of angels" according to Gabriel in Hadith narrated by Muhammad.<ref name="Lives Of The Sahaba 39 – Az-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam – PT 01">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref></ref><ref name="Tarikh Dimashq 2">Template:Harvtxt.</ref> This is deemed as Zubayr personal honor according to Islamic belief.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref group="N">According to one narration, during the battle, Muhammad has found an angel whom he though as Zubayr standing next to him, which then prompted Muhammad to command him to attack, which the angel, in Zubayr appearance, simply replied, "I am not Zubayr". Thus, according to Hadith expert this another indication that the angels truly came down with the appearance of Zubayr during Badr.<ref name="Kisah Teladan 20 Shahabat Nabi untuk Anak">Template:Cite book</ref></ref> Meanwhile, Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri has recorded in his historiography works of Quran and Hadith revelation in Prophetic biography, that Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas testified he saw two unidentified warriors clad in white had protected Muhammad during the Battle of Uhud, that later being confirmed by Muhammad those two unidentified warriors were Jibril and Mikail in disguise.<ref name="eve of battle of Uhud & Ahzab">Template:Cite book</ref>

Moreover, he is believed to have further encouraged Muhammad to wage war and attack the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza.<ref name="Reynolds 2014"/><ref name="Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari: Arabic-English · Volume 5">Template:Cite book</ref> Another appearance of Gabriel in Islamic religious texts were found in numerous Hadiths during the Battle of Hunayn, where the Gabriel stood next to Muhammad.<ref name="The Book of the Jihad of 'Ali Ibn Tahir Al-Sulami (d. 1106)">Template:Cite book</ref> Gabriel is also said to have fought Iblis, when the latter tempted ʿĪsā (Jesus).<ref>Islam Issa Milton in the Arab-Muslim World Taylor & Francis 2016 ISBN 978-1-317-09592-7 page 111</ref> Ibn Barrajan regards Gabriel to be an angel created from fire, like Iblis, thus settling Gabriel symbolically into the head of opposition to the leader of the devils.<ref>Gallorini, L. (2025). The Functions of Angels in Sufi Literature (Vol. 218). Brill. p. 125</ref>

Other Islamic texts and some Apocryphal literature also supported Gabriel's role as a celestial warrior.<ref name="Reynolds 2014"/><ref>Burge, Stephen. 2015. Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik. Routledge. Template:ISBN p. 204.</ref> Though alternate theories exist, whether the occurrence of the Holy Spirit in the Quran refers to Gabriel or not, remains an issue of scholarly debate.Template:Citation needed However, a clear distinction between apocryphal and Quranic references to Gabriel is that the former doesn't designate him as the Holy Spirit in the First Book of Enoch, which narrates the story of Gabriel defeating the Nephilim.<ref name="Reynolds 2014"/>

Yezidi traditionEdit

Yazidis consider Gabriel one of the Seven Mysteries, the heptad to which God entrusted the world, and sometimes identified with the archangel Melek Taus.<ref>Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft5. Jahrgang 1997 diagonal-Verlag Ursula Spuler-Stegemann Der Engel Pfau zum Selbstvertändnis der Yezidi, p. 14 (in German)</ref>

Art, entertainment, and mediaEdit

Angels are described as pure spirits.<ref name="gorgievski">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="longhurst">Template:Citation</ref> The lack of a defined form allows artists wide latitude in depicting them.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Amelia R. Brown draws comparisons in Byzantine iconography between portrayals of angels and the conventions used to depict court eunuchs. Mainly from the Caucasus, they tended to have light eyes, hair, and skin; and those "castrated in childhood developed a distinctive skeletal structure, lacked full masculine musculature, body hair and beards ..." As officials, they would wear a white tunic decorated with gold. Brown suggests that "Byzantine artists drew, consciously or not, on this iconography of the court eunuch".<ref name=brown>Brown, Amelia. Painting the Bodiless: Angels and Eunuchs in Byzantine Art and Culture, University of Queensland (2007)</ref> Some recent popular works on angels consider Gabriel to be female or androgynous.<ref name="Giovetti1993">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Godwin1990">Template:Cite book</ref>

SculpturesEdit

  • Gabor arkangyal.jpg

    Archangel Gabriel Millennium Monument at Heroes' Square in Budapest

  • Bermatingen St Georg Heiligenfigur.jpg

    Archangel Gabriel in the church of St. Georg in Bermatingen

  • Waldburg Pfarrkirche Verkündigung Engel.jpg

    Archangel Gabriel in the church of St. Magnus in Waldburg

  • Annonciation portail Reims.jpg

    Archangel Gabriel at the façade of the Cathedral of Reims

  • To the victims of the german occupation.jpg

    Archangel Gabriel at the Liberty Square, Budapest

  • Archanděl Gabriel z Nedvědic, AJG Hluboká nad Vltavou.jpg

    Archangel Gabriel of Nedvědice

FestivalsEdit

  • Baltimore's (Maryland) "Little Italy" neighborhood has for over 80 years hosted an annual "end of summer" St. Gabriel Festival that features a procession with a statue of the saint carried through the streets.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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FilmEdit

GamesEdit

  • 2005: Spanish role-playing game Anima: Beyond Fantasy, Gabriel is, as the humans know, one of the seven "Beryls" (godlike beings of light), and is identified with the archangel of the same name. She has associated with love, friendship, arts, and peace.
  • In the Japanese role-playing game Shin Megami Tensei, Gabriel is one of the Demons the player can summon to assist in battle.
  • In the 2011 video game El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron, based on the Book of Enoch, Gabriel is featured alongside Michael, Raphael, and Uriel as a guide for Enoch on his quest. All four archangels take the form of swans while on Earth. Gabriel is depicted as female in this interpretation and implied to be an angel of wisdom. She is associated with the Veil weapon Enoch uses.
  • Gabriel appears in the retro first-person shooter Ultrakill, and is voiced by Gianni Matragrano. He is featured as the final boss of the first two acts and a primary story character.
  • In The Binding of Isaac (2011), a roguelike dungeon crawler, the player is able to fight Gabriel and Uriel to obtain their key pieces in order to fight Mega Satan.
  • In In Death: Unchained, a virtual reality rougelike archery game, God has abandoned the Heaven and Gabriel has lost his sanity. He is a boss of the Paradise Lost area.

LiteratureEdit

  • Baal-e-Jibril (Published in 1935) is a Urdu philosophical poetry book written by Allama Muhammad Iqbal. Jibril-wa-Iblis (Gabriel and Lucifer) is one of its poem, a conversation between Gabriel and Lucifer.
  • In his epic poem Paradise Lost, John Milton made Gabriel chief of the angelic guards placed over Paradise.
  • The Hebrew poem "Template:Ill" by Nathan Alterman, put to music and often heard on the Israeli Radio, tells of a heroic, self-sacrificing Israeli soldier being killed in battle. Upon the protagonist's death, the angel Gabriel descends to Earth, in order to comfort the spirit of the fallen hero and take him to Heaven.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • In August Wilson's Fences (1985), the mentally handicapped character Gabriel believes with every fiber of his soul that he is the Archangel Gabriel. He carries around a trumpet on him always, and strives to chase away the "hellhounds". In the last scene of the play, he calls for Saint Peter to open the gates.
  • The main character of Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses (1988) believes that he is the modern incarnation of Gabriel.
  • In the humorous fantasy novel Good Omens (1990) by Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman, Gabriel is the head of an inefficient heavenly bureaucracy.
  • In the Japanese light novel series No Game No Life (2012), Jibril is a member of the Flügel race and was a member of the Council of 18 Wings, a prominent section in the government. She is depicted as loving knowledge and books.
  • In volume 3 of the Japanese light novel series The Devil Is a Part-Timer!, an archangel named Gabriel appears and is the guardian of the Sephirah Yesod.
  • In the Japanese light novel High School DxD, Gabriel is featured as one of the Four Great Seraph whom are the highest ranking Seraph alongside Michael, Uriel, and Raphael. In the novel, Gabriel is depicted as a female angel with immense angelic beauty, and is given the titles of "The Strongest Woman in Heaven" and "The Most Beautiful Woman in Heaven".
  • In the Japanese light novel series Date A Live, Gabriel is the name of a spiritual weapon (referred to as angels within the series), belonging to Miku Izayoi. Gabriel takes the form of an organ that can control sound. It can play various songs including March, which enhances the targets physical abilities, and Solo, which can brainwash those who listen to it, among others.

MusicEdit

Visual artEdit

See also Gabriel gallery in Commons.
File:Annunciation (Leonardo).jpg
Gabriel and Mary in Leonardo da Vinci's Annunciation, c. 1472–1475
File:Titian - Polyptych of the Resurrection - Archangel Gabriel - WGA22785.jpg
Angel of the Annunciation by Titian (1520–1522)

Daniel 8:15 describes Gabriel as appearing in the "likeness of man" and in Daniel 9:21 he is referred to as "the man Gabriel". David Everson observes that "such anthropomorphic descriptions of an angel are consistent with previous .. .descriptions of angels", as in Genesis 19:5.<ref name="everson">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Gabriel is most often portrayed in the context of scenes of the Annunciation. In 2008 a 16th-century drawing by Lucas van Leyden of the Netherlands was discovered. George R. Goldner, chairman of the department of prints and drawings at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art, suggested that the sketch was for a stained glass window. "The fact that the archangel is an ordinary-looking person and not an idealized boy is typical of the artist", said Goldner.<ref>Vogel, Carol. 25 July 2008. "Angels Appear, and Museums Rejoice" New York Times.</ref>

In chronological order (to see each item, follow the link in the footnote):<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Military Order of Saint Gabriel was established to recognize "individuals who have made significant contributions to the U.S. Army Public Affairs community and practice". The medallion depicts St. Gabriel sounding a trumpet, while the obverse displays the Army Public Affairs emblem.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

TelevisionEdit

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  • Supernatural (2005) – Gabriel, portrayed by Richard Speight Jr., is a runaway archangel who kills people he deems evil, also interacting with other angels, including his siblings Michael, Raphael, and Lucifer.
  • Dominion (2014) – Gabriel, portrayed by Carl Beukes, is the series antagonist, who plans to kill the Archangel Michael and annihilate humanity.
  • Now Apocalypse (2019) – Gabriel, portrayed by Tyler Posey, is an enigmatic trumpet player who has a passionate tryst with series protagonist Ulysses Zane before warning him about an impending apocalypse.
  • Amazon Prime miniseries Good Omens (2019) – Gabriel is portrayed by Jon Hamm. The show is based on the novel by Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman.

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

NotesEdit

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CitationsEdit

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Works citedEdit

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Further readingEdit

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External linksEdit

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