Arcology
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Arcology, a portmanteau of "architecture" and "ecology",<ref name="MatterSpirit">Template:Citation.</ref> is a field of creating architectural design principles for very densely populated and ecologically low-impact human habitats.
The term was coined in 1969 by architect Paolo Soleri, who believed that a completed arcology would provide space for a variety of residential, commercial, and agricultural facilities while minimizing individual human environmental impact.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> These structures have been largely hypothetical, as no large-scale arcology has yet been built.
The concept has been promoted by various science fiction writers. Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle provided a detailed description of an arcology in their 1981 novel Oath of Fealty. William Gibson popularized the term in his seminal 1984 cyberpunk novel Neuromancer, where each corporation has its own self-contained city known as an arcology. More recently, authors such as Peter Hamilton in Neutronium Alchemist and Paolo Bacigalupi in The Water Knife explicitly used arcologies as part of their scenarios. They are often portrayed as self-contained or economically self-sufficient.
DevelopmentEdit
Template:Original research section An arcology is distinguished from a merely large building in that it is designed to lessen the impact of human habitation on any given ecosystem. It could be self-sustainable, employing all or most of its own available resources for a comfortable life: power, climate control, food production, air and water conservation and purification, sewage treatment, etc. An arcology is designed to make it possible to supply those items for a large population. An arcology would supply and maintain its own municipal or urban infrastructures in order to operate and connect with other urban environments apart from its own.
Arcologies were proposed in order to reduce human impact on natural resources. Arcology designs might apply conventional building and civil engineering techniques in very large, but practical projects in order to achieve pedestrian economies of scale that have proven, post-automobile, to be difficult to achieve in other ways.
Frank Lloyd Wright proposed an early version<ref>Wright, Frank Lloyd, "An Organic Architecture"</ref> called Broadacre City although, in contrast to an arcology, his idea is comparatively two-dimensional and depends on a road network. Wright's plan described transportation, agriculture, and commerce systems that would support an economy. Critics said that Wright's solution failed to account for population growth, and assumed a more rigid democracy than the US actually has.
Buckminster Fuller proposed the Old Man River's City project, a domed city with a capacity of 125,000, as a solution to the housing problems in East St. Louis, Illinois.
Paolo Soleri proposed later solutions, and coined the term "arcology".<ref>Soleri, Paolo, "Arcology: The City in the Image of Man"</ref> Soleri describes ways of compacting city structures in three dimensions to combat two-dimensional urban sprawl, to economize on transportation and other energy uses. Like Wright, Soleri proposed changes in transportation, agriculture, and commerce. Soleri explored reductions in resource consumption and duplication, land reclamation; he also proposed to eliminate most private transportation. He advocated for greater "frugality" and favored greater use of shared social resources, including public transit (and public libraries).
Similar real-world projectsEdit
Arcosanti is an experimental "arcology prototype", a demonstration project under construction in central Arizona since 1970. Designed by Paolo Soleri, its primary purpose is to demonstrate Soleri's personal designs, his application of principles of arcology to create a pedestrian-friendly urban form.
Many cities in the world have proposed projects adhering to the design principles of the arcology concept, like Tokyo, and Dongtan near Shanghai.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Dongtan project may have collapsed, and it failed to open for the Shanghai World Expo in 2010.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Ihme-Zentrum in Hanover was an attempt to build a "city within a city".
McMurdo Station of the United States Antarctic Program and other scientific research stations on Antarctica resemble the popular conception of an arcology as a technologically advanced, relatively self-sufficient human community. The Antarctic research base provides living and entertainment amenities for roughly 3,000 staff who visit each year. Its remoteness and the measures needed to protect its population from the harsh environment give it an insular character. The station is not self-sufficient: The U.S. military delivers 30,000,000 liters (8,000,000 US gal) of fuel and Template:Convert of supplies and equipment yearly through its Operation Deep Freeze resupply effort,<ref>Modern Marvels: Sub-Zero. The History Channel.</ref> but it is isolated from conventional support networks. Under international treaty, it must avoid damage to the surrounding ecosystem.
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Begich Towers operates like a small-scale arcology encompassing nearly all of the population of Whittier, Alaska. The building contains residential housing as well as a police station, grocery, and municipal offices.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Line was planned as a Template:Convert long and Template:Convert wide linear smart city in Saudi Arabia in Neom, Tabuk Province, designed to have no cars, streets or greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Line is planned to be the first development in Neom, a $500 billion project.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city's plans anticipated a population of 9 million.<ref name="guardian 2022">Template:Cite news</ref> Excavation work had started along the entire length of the project by October 2022. However, the project was scaled down in 2024 to Template:Convert long, housing 300,000 people.<ref name="teleg">Template:Cite news</ref>
In popular cultureEdit
Most proposals to build real arcologies have failed due to financial, structural or conceptual shortcomings. Arcologies are therefore found primarily in fictional works.<ref>Ash, Theodore (2014) Neoarcology</ref><ref>Tate, Karl (July 5, 2013) "Inside Arcology, the City of the Future (Infographic)" Live Science</ref>
- In Robert Silverberg's The World Inside, most of the global population of 75 billion live inside giant skyscrapers, called "urbmons", each of which contains hundreds of thousands of people. The urbmons are arranged in "constellations". Each urbmon is divided into "neighborhoods" of 40 or so floors. All the needs of the inhabitants are provided inside the building — food is grown outside and brought into the building — so the idea of going outside is heretical and can be a sign of madness.<ref>Silverberg, Robert (1971). The World Inside. New York: Doubleday. pp. 3–4.</ref> The book examines human life when the population density is extremely high.<ref>Stableford, Brian "Silverberg, Robert" in Clute, John and Nicholls, Peter (eds.) (1995) The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 1106. Template:ISBN</ref>
- Another significant example is the 1981 novel Oath of Fealty by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, in which a segment of the population of Los Angeles has moved into an arcology. The plot examines the social changes that result, both inside and outside the arcology. Thus the arcology is not just a plot device but a subject of critique.<ref>Seed, David (2011) Science Fiction: A Very Short Introduction</ref>
- In the city-building video game SimCity 2000, self-contained arcologies can be built, reducing the infrastructure needs of the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- The isometric, cyberpunk-themed action roleplay game The Ascent takes place in a futuristic dystopian version of an arcology on the alien world Veles and prominently uses the structure and its levels to flesh out progression in the game, starting the player in the bottom levels of the sewers with the ultimate goal of reaching the top of the structure to leave the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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See alsoEdit
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ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Soleri, Paolo (1969). Arcology: The City in the Image of Man. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
External linksEdit
- Arcology: The City in the Image of Man by Paolo Soleri (full text online)
- Arcology.com – useful links
- The Night Land by William Hope Hodgson (full text online)
- Victory City
- A discussion of arcology concepts
- What is an Arcology?
Usage of "arcology" vs. "hyperstructure"
- Arcology.com ("An arcology in southern China" on front page)
- Arcology ("An arcology is a self-contained environment...")
- SculptorsWiki: Arcology ("The only arcology yet on Earth...")
- Review of Shadowrun: Renraku Arcology ("What's an arcology? A self-contained, largely self-sufficient living, working, recreational structure...")
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