Arctostaphylos
Template:Short description Template:See also Template:Automatic taxobox
Arctostaphylos (Template:IPAc-en;Template:Refn<ref>Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607</ref> from Template:Wikt-lang Template:Grc-tr "bear" and Template:Wikt-lang Template:Grc-tr "bunch of grapes") is a genus of plants comprising the manzanitas (Template:IPAc-enTemplate:RefnTemplate:Refn) and bearberries. There are about 60 species of Arctostaphylos, ranging from ground-hugging arctic, coastal, and mountain shrub to small trees up to Template:Convert tall. Most are evergreen (one species deciduous), with small oval leaves Template:Convert long, arranged spirally on the stems. The flowers are bell-shaped, white or pale pink, and borne in small clusters of 2–20 together; flowering is in the spring. The fruit are small berries, ripening in the summer or autumn. The berries of some species are edible.
Arctostaphylos species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora arctostaphyli (which feeds exclusively on A. uva-ursi) and Coleophora glaucella.
DistributionEdit
Manzanitas, the bulk of Arctostaphylos species, are present in the chaparral biome of western North America, where they occur from southern British Columbia in Canada, Washington to California and New Mexico in the United States, and throughout much of northern and central Mexico.
One species, however, A. uva-ursi (common bearberry), is adapted to arctic and subarctic climates and has a circumpolar distribution in northern North America, Asia and Europe.
An unusual association of manzanita occurs on Hood Mountain, in Sonoma County, California, where stands of pygmy forest dominated by Hesperocyparis sargentii are found.
Fossil recordEdit
One fossil fruit of †Arctostaphylos globula and several fossil fruits of †Arctostaphylos menzelii have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
CultivationEdit
Cultivation is generally difficult due to fungal diseases, and often salinity and alkalinity. Overhead watering should be avoided in hot weather. Some cultivars are easier to grow.
TaxonomyEdit
The following species are recognised in the genus Arctostaphylos:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col
- Arctostaphylos acutifolia Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos andersonii Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos auriculata Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos australis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos bakeri Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos bolensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos canescens Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos catalinae Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos caucasica Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos columbiana Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos confertiflora Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos cratericola Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos crustacea Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos cruzensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos densiflora Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos edmundsii Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos franciscana Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos gabilanensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos glandulosa Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos glauca Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos glutinosa Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos × helleri Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos hispidula Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos hookeri Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos hooveri Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos imbricata Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos incognita Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos insularis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos × jepsonii Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos klamathensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos × laxiflora Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos luciana Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos malloryi Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos manzanita Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos × media Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos mewukka Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos montana Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos montaraensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos montereyensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos moranii Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos morroensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos myrtifolia Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos nevadensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos nissenana Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos nortensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos nummularia Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos obispoensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos ohloneana Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos osoensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos otayensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos pacifica Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos pajaroensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos pallida Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos parryana Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos × parvifolia Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos patula Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos pechoensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos peninsularis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos pilosula Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos pringlei Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos pumila Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos pungens Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos purissima Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos rainbowensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos refugioensis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos regismontana Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos × repens Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos rudis Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos sensitiva Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos silvicola Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos stanfordiana Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos × strigosa Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos tomentosa Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos virgata Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos viridissima Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos viscida Template:Small
- Arctostaphylos wellsii Template:Small
RangesEdit
- Subgenus Micrococcus
- Sect. Micrococcus
| Species | Common name | Range |
|---|---|---|
| mendocinoensis | Pygmy manzanita | |
| myrtifolia | Ione manzanita | California (Amador, Calaveras Counties) |
| nissenana | Nissenan manzanita | California (coastal and inland ranges north of San Francisco Bay) |
| nummularia | Glossyleaf manzanita | California (Mendocino County) |
- Subgenus Arctostaphylos, which has three sections:
- Sect. Arctostaphylos
| Species | Common name | Range |
|---|---|---|
| alpina | Alpine bearberry | |
| bakeri | Baker's manzanita | California (Sonoma County) |
| densiflora | Sonoma manzanita | California (Sonoma County) |
| edmundsii | Little Sur manzanita | California (Monterey County) |
| franciscana | Franciscan manzanita | California (San Francisco County) |
| gabrielensis | San Gabriel manzanita | California (Los Angeles County) |
| glauca | Bigberry manzanita | California and Baja California |
| hispidula | Gasquet manzanita | Coastal mountain ranges of southern Oregon and northern California |
| hookeri | Hooker's manzanita | California |
| insularis | Island manzanita | California (Santa Cruz Island) |
| klamathensis | Klamath manzanita | California (Klamath Mountains) |
| manzanita | Common manzanita, whiteleaf manzanita | California (Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills) |
| mewukka | Indian manzanita | California (Sierra Nevada) |
| nevadensis | Pinemat manzanita | California |
| parryana | Parry manzanita | California (southern) |
| patula | Greenleaf manzanita | Western North America |
| pumila | Sandmat manzanita | California (Monterey County) |
| pungens | Pointleaf manzanita | Southwestern United States and to northern and central Mexico |
| rudis | Shagbark manzanita | California (southern central coast) |
| stanfordiana | Stanford's manzanita | California (Outer North Coast Ranges north of the San Francisco Bay Area) |
| uva-ursi | Bearberry | Europe, Asia, North America |
| viscida | Sticky manzanita, whiteleaf manzanita | California and Oregon |
- Sect. Foliobracteata
| Species | Common name | Range |
|---|---|---|
| andersonii | Santa Cruz manzanita | Santa Cruz mountains (CA) |
| auriculata | Mount Diablo manzanita | Mount Diablo (CA) |
| canescens | Hoary manzanita | Coastal ranges of SW OR and N CA |
| catalinae | Santa Catalina Island manzanita | Santa Catalina Island (CA) |
| columbiana | Hairy manzanita | West coast from N. CA to S. BC |
| confertiflora | Santa Rosa Island manzanita | Santa Rosa Island (CA) |
| cruzensis | La Cruz manzanita | Monterey and San Luis Obispo counties (CA) |
| glandulosa | Eastwood manzanita | Coastal slops from OR, CA, Baja California |
| glutinosa | Schreiber's manzanita | Santa Cruz County (CA) |
| hooveri | Hoover's manzanita | Santa Lucia Mountains (CA) |
| imbricata | San Bruno Mountain manzanita | San Bruno Mountain (CA) |
| luciana | Santa Lucia manzanita | southern Santa Lucia Mountains (CA) |
| malloryi | Mallory's manzanita | Inner North Coast Ranges west and northwest of the Sacramento Valley (CA) |
| montaraensis | Montara manzanita | San Bruno Mountain and Montara Mountain (CA) |
| montereyensis | Monterey manzanita | Monterey County (CA) |
| morroensis | Morro manzanita | Morro Bay (CA) |
| nortensis | Del Norte manzanita | Del Norte County (CA), Curry County (OR), Josephine County (OR) |
| obispoensis | Serpentine manzanita | Southern Santa Lucia Mountains (CA) |
| osoensis | Oso manzanita | Los Osos Valley (San Luis Obispo, CA) |
| otayensis | Otay manzanita | San Diego County (CA) |
| pajaroensis | Pajaro manzanita | Monterey County, Santa Cruz County, San Benito County (CA) |
| pallida | Pallid manzanita | |
| pechoensis | Pecho manzanita | |
| pilosula | La Panzo manzanita | |
| purissima | La Purissima manzanita | |
| refugioensis | Refugio manzanita | |
| regismontana | Kings Mountain manzanita | |
| silvicola | Bonny Doon manzanita | |
| tomentosa | Woolyleaf manzanita | |
| virgata | Bolinas manzanita | |
| viridissima | Whitehair manzanita | |
| wellsii | Wells' manzanita |
- Sect. Pictobracteata
| Species | Common name | Range |
|---|---|---|
| pringlei | Pringle manzanita |
- Unassigned
| Species | Common name | Range |
|---|---|---|
| rainbowensis | Rainbow manzanita | |
| gabilanensis | Gabilan manzanita | |
| ohloneana | Ohlone manzanita |
See also the closely related genus Comarostaphylis, previously often included in Arctostaphylos.
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Template:Citation
- Template:Citation
- Template:Citation
- Treatment from the Jepson Manual
- Template:Citation
- Template:Cite journal
External linksEdit
Template:Arbutoideae Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control