Ariadne

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Redirect Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox deity

In Greek mythology, Ariadne (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx; Template:Langx) was a Cretan princess, the daughter of King Minos of Crete. There are variations of Ariadne's myth, but she is known for helping Theseus escape from the Minotaur and being abandoned by him on the island of Naxos. There, Dionysus saw Ariadne sleeping, fell in love with her, and later married her. Many versions of the myth recount Dionysus throwing Ariadne's jeweled crown into the sky to create a constellation, the Corona Borealis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ariadne is associated with mazes and labyrinths because of her involvement in the myths of Theseus and the Minotaur.

There are also festivals held in Cyprus and Naxos in Ariadne's honor.<ref name= "Plutarch • Life of Theseus">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Etymology

File:Titian Bacchus and Ariadne.jpg

Bacchus and Ariadne by Titian: Dionysus discovers Ariadne on the shore of Naxos. The painting also depicts the constellation named after Ariadne.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Greek lexicographers in the Hellenistic period claimed that Ariadne is derived from the ancient Cretan dialectical elements ari (ἀρι-) "most" (which is an intensive prefix) and adnós (ἀδνός) "holy".Template:Sfn Conversely, Stylianos Alexiou has argued that despite the belief being that Ariadne's name is of Indo-European origin, it is actually pre-Greek.Template:Sfn

Linguist Robert S. P. Beekes has also supported Ariadne having a pre-Greek origin; specifically being Minoan from Crete because her name includes the sequence dn (δν), rare in Indo-European languages and an indication that it is a Minoan loanword.<ref>Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2010. p. 130. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Family

Ariadne was the daughter of Minos, the King of Crete<ref>Homer, Odyssey, 11.320; Hesiod, Theogony, 947; and later authors.</ref> and son of Zeus, and of Pasiphaë, Minos' queen and daughter of Helios.<ref>Pasiphaë is mentioned as mother of Ariadne in Apollodorus, --therefore making Ariadne a granddaughter of Helios, the titan of the sun. 3.1.2 (Pasiphaë, daughter of the Sun); Apollonius, Argonautica, 3.997; and Hyginus, Fabulae, 224.</ref> Others denominated her mother Crete, daughter of Asterius, the king of Crete and husband of Europa.

Ariadne was the sister of Acacallis, Androgeus, Deucalion, Phaedra, Glaucus, Xenodice, and Catreus.<ref>Apollodorus, 3.1.2.</ref> Through her mother, Pasiphaë, she was also the half-sister of the Minotaur (who was known in Crete as Asterion).<ref name= "TheCollector-2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ariadne married Dionysus and became the mother of Oenopion, the personification of wine, Staphylus, who was associated with grapes, as well as Thoas, Peparethus, Eurymedon, Phliasus, Ceramus, Maron, Euanthes, Latramys, and Tauropolis.Template:Efn

Ariadne's family

Relation	Names	Sources
		Homer		Hesiod	Apollon.		Diod.	Ovid		Apollod.	Plutarch	Hyginus	Pausa	Quin.	Theophilus
		Ody.	Sch. Ili.	Ehoiai	Arg.	Sch.		Her.	Met.		Theseus	Fabulae			Autolycus
Parentage	Minos	✓		✓			✓		✓		✓
	Minos & Pasiphae				✓			✓				✓
Consort	Dionysus		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓			✓	✓ or			✓	✓
	Theseus										✓
Children	Enyeus		✓
	Thoas			✓	✓	✓		✓		✓				✓	✓
	Oenopion					✓	✓			✓	✓
	Staphylus					✓				✓	✓				✓
	Latromis					✓
	Euanthes					✓
	Tauropolis					✓
	Peparethus									✓
	Phliasus											✓
	Eurymedon											✓
	Ceramus												✓
	Maron														✓
	Eunous														✓

Mythology

File:Bacchus and Ariadne LACMA M.79.63.jpg

Bacchus and Ariadne, Guido Reni, Template:Circa

Minos put Ariadne in charge of the labyrinth where sacrifices were made as part of reparations either to Poseidon or Athena, depending on the version of the myth; later, she helped Theseus conquer the Minotaur and save the children from sacrifice. In other narrations she was the bride of Dionysus, her status as mortal or divine varying in those accounts.<ref>In creating a "biography" for a historicized Ariadne, Theseus' having abandoned her on Naxos explains her presence there; in assembling a set of biographical narrative episodes, this would have had to be placed after her abduction from Knossos. In keeping with the office of Minos as King of Crete, Ariadne came to bear the late title of "Princess". The culmination of this rationalization is the realistic historicizing fiction of Mary Renault, The Bull from the Sea (1962).</ref><ref>Fiana Sidhe, "Goddess Ariadne in the Spotlight" Template:Webarchive, MatriFocus, 2002.</ref>

Minos and Theseus

Because ancient Greek myths were orally transmitted, like other myths, that of Ariadne has many variations. According to an Athenian version, Minos attacked Athens after his son, Androgeus, was killed there. The Athenians asked for terms and were required to sacrifice 7 young men and 7 maidens to the Minotaur every 1, 7 or 9 years (depending on the source).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One year, the sacrificial party included Theseus, the son of King Aegeus, who volunteered in order to kill the Minotaur.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> At first sight, Ariadne fell in love with him and provided him a sword and ball of thread (ο Μίτος της Αριάδνης, "Ariadne's string") so that he could retrace his way out of the labyrinth of the Minotaur.<ref name="TheCollector-2021"/>

File:The Abandoned Ariadne, ancient fresco from Pompeii, National Archaeological Museum.jpg

The abandoned Ariadne, ancient fresco from Pompeii, National Archaeological Museum, Naples

Ariadne betrayed her father and her country for her lover Theseus. She eloped with Theseus after he killed the Minotaur, yet according to Homer in the Odyssey "he had no joy of her, for ere that, Artemis slew her in seagirt Dia because of the witness of Dionysus". The phrase "seagirt Dia" refers to the uninhabited island of Dia, which lies off the northern coast of the Greek island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea. Dia may have referred to the island of Naxos.

Most accounts claim that Theseus abandoned Ariadne on Naxos, and in some versions Perseus mortally wounds her. According to some, Dionysus claimed Ariadne as wife, therefore causing Theseus to abandon her.<ref name="penelope.uchicago.edu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Homer does not elaborate on the nature of Dionysus' accusation, yet the Oxford Classical Dictionary speculated that she was already married to him when she eloped with Theseus. According to Plutarch, Paion the Amathusian recounted Theseus accidentally abandoned Ariadne only to come back when it was too late.<ref name="TheCollector-2021"/>

Naxos

File:Ariadne abandoned on Naxos House of the Greek Epigrams Pompeii Plate IX by Geremia Discanno 02.jpg

A Greek Epigrams Pompeii Plate by Geremia Discanno depicting Ariadne abandoned on the island Naxos

In Hesiod and in most other versions, Theseus abandoned Ariadne sleeping on Naxos, and Dionysus rediscovered and wedded her. In a few versions of the myth,<ref>Diodorus Siculus, 4.61 and 5.51; Pausanias, 1.20, § 2, 9.40, § 2, and 10.29, § 2.</ref> Dionysus appeared to Theseus as they sailed from Crete, saying that he had chosen Ariadne as his wife and demanding that Theseus leave her on Naxos for him; this had the effect of absolving the Athenian cultural hero of desertion.<ref name="penelope.uchicago.edu"/> The vase painters of Athens often depicted Athena leading Theseus from the sleeping Ariadne to his ship.Template:Citation needed

Ariadne bore Dionysus famous children, including Oenopion, Staphylus, and Thoas. Dionysus set her wedding diadem in the heavens as the constellation Corona Borealis. Ariadne was faithful to Dionysus. In one version of her myth, Perseus killed her at Argos by turning her to stone with the head of Medusa during Perseus' war with Dionysus.<ref>Nonnus, Dionysiaca, 47.665</ref> The Odyssey relates that Theseus took Ariadne away from Crete only for Artemis to kill her in Dia (usually identified with Naxos) on Dionysus' witness.<ref>Homer, Odyssey 11.321–25</ref> An ancient scholiast wrote that Ariadne and Theseus had sex on a sacred grove, and an angry Dionysus revealed that to Artemis, who proceeded to punish Ariadne with death.<ref>Scholia on the Odyssey 11.325</ref>

According to Plutarch, one version of the myth tells that Ariadne hanged herself after being abandoned by Theseus.<ref>Plutarch, Theseus, 20.1</ref> Dionysus then went to Hades, and brought her and his mother Semele to Mount Olympus, where they were deified.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Some scholars have posited, because of Ariadne's associations with thread-spinning and winding, that she was a weaving goddess,<ref> Template:Cite book </ref> like Arachne, and support this theory with the mytheme of the Hanged Nymph<ref> Template:Cite book

Compare an alternative translation of the equivalent passage from Tibullus' Sixth Elegy by Theodore Chickering Williams:

 "Delightful Bacchus at his mystery

Forbids these words of woe.

Once, by the wave, lone Ariadne pale,

   Abandoned of false Theseus, weeping stood:—

Our wise Catullus tells the doleful tale
Of love's ingratitude.

Take warning friends! How fortunate is he,
Who learns of others' loss his own to shun!
Trust not caressing arms and sighs, nor be
By flatteries undone!"

(The Elegies of Tibullus) </ref><ref> Template:Cite book </ref> (see weaving in mythology).Template:Citation needed

As a goddess

File:Las Incantadas Louvre Ma1392 side B.jpg

Ariadne of Las Incantadas from the agora of Thessalonica, 2nd century, Louvre.

Karl Kerenyi and Robert Graves theorized that Ariadne, whose name they thought derived from Hesychius' enumeration of "Άδνον", a Cretan-Greek form of "arihagne" ("utterly pure"), was a Great Goddess of Crete, "the first divine personage of Greek mythology to be immediately recognized in Crete",<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> once archaeological investigation began. Kerenyi observed that her name was merely an epithet and claimed that she was originally the "Mistress of the Labyrinth", both a winding dancing ground and, in the Greek opinion, a prison with the dreaded Minotaur in its centre. Kerenyi explained that a Linear B inscription from Knossos "to all the gods, honey… [,] to the mistress of the labyrinth honey" in equal amounts, implied to him that the Mistress of the Labyrinth was a Great Goddess in her own right.Template:Sfn Professor Barry Powell suggested that she was the Snake Goddess of Minoan Crete.<ref>Barry B. Powell, Classical Myth, 2nd ed., with new translations of ancient texts by Herbert M. Howe, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, Prentice-Hall, 1998, p. 368.</ref>

File:Dionysos Ariadne BM 311.jpg

Ariadne as the consort of Dionysus: bronze appliqué from Chalki, Rhodes, late fourth century BCE, in the British Museum.

Plutarch, in his Life of Theseus, which treats him as a historical person, reported that in contemporary Naxos was an earthly Ariadne, who was distinct from a divine one:

Some of the Naxians also have a story of their own, that there were two Minoses and two Ariadnes, one of whom, they say, was married to Dionysos in Naxos and bore him Staphylos and his brother, and the other, of a later time, having been carried off by Theseus and then abandoned by him, came to Naxos, accompanied by a nurse named Korkyne, whose tomb they show; and that this Ariadne also died there.<ref>Plutarch, Life of Theseus, xx.5</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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In a kylix by the painter Aison (Template:Circa),Template:Efn Theseus drags the Minotaur from a temple-like labyrinth, yet the goddess who attends him in this Attic representation is Athena.

File:Sleeping Ariadne 2.jpg

The Vatican Sleeping Ariadne, long erroneously identified as Cleopatra, a Roman marble in late Hellenistic style

An ancient cult of Aphrodite-Ariadne was observed at Amathus, Cyprus, according to the obscure Hellenistic mythographer Paeon of Amathus; his works are lost, but his narrative is among the sources that Plutarch cited in his vita of Theseus (20.3–5). According to the myth that was current at Amathus, the second most important Cypriot cult centre of Aphrodite, Theseus' ship was swept off course and the pregnant and suffering Ariadne put ashore in the storm. Theseus, attempting to secure the ship, was inadvertently swept out to sea, thus being absolved of abandoning Ariadne. The Cypriot women cared for Ariadne, who died in childbirth and was memorialized in a shrine. Theseus, overcome with grief upon his return, left money for sacrifices to Ariadne and ordered two cult images, one of silver and one of bronze, erected.

At the observation in her honour on the second day of the month Gorpiaeus, a young man lay on the ground and vicariously experienced the throes of labour. The sacred grove in which the shrine was located was denominated the "Grove of Aphrodite-Ariadne".<ref>Edmund P. Cueva, "Plutarch's Ariadne in Chariton's Chaereas and Callirhoe", American Journal of Philology, 117.3 (Autumn 1996), pp. 473–84.</ref> According to Cypriot legend, Ariadne's tomb was located within the temenos of the sanctuary of Aphrodite-Ariadne.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The primitive nature of the cult at Amathus in this narrative appears to be much older than the Athenian sanctioned shrine of Aphrodite, who at Amathus received "Ariadne" (derived from "hagne", "sacred") as an epithet.Template:Citation needed

Libera

The Roman author Hyginus identified Ariadne as the Roman Libera, bride to Liber.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Festivals

File:Cratère de Derveni 0030.jpg

Ariadne on the Derveni krater.

Ariadneia (ἀριάδνεια) festivals honored Ariadne and were held in Naxos and Cyprus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to Plutarch, some Naxians believed there were two Ariadnes, one of which died on the island of Naxos after being abandoned by Theseus. The Ariadneia festival honors Naxos as the place of her death with sacrifices and mourning.<ref name="Plutarch • Life of Theseus"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Paeon, as stated by Plutarch, attributes the Ariadneia festival in Cyprus to Theseus, who left money to the island so sacrifices could be made to commemorate Ariadne. Sacrifices were held in the grove of Ariadne Aphrodite, where Ariadne's tomb resided. During these sacrifices, a young man shall lie down and mimic a woman in labour by crying out and gesturing on the second day of the month, Gorpiaeus. One silver and one bronze statuette were also constructed in her honor.

In Etruscan culture

Ariadne, in Etruscan Areatha, is paired with Dionysus, in Etruscan "Fufluns", on Etruscan engraved bronze mirror backs, where the Athenian cultural hero Theseus is absent, and Semele, in Etruscan "Semla", as mother of Dionysus, may accompany the pair,<ref>For example on the mirror engraving reproduced in Larissa Bonfante and Judith Swaddling, Etruscan Myths, The Legendary Past series, University of Texas/British Museum, 2006, fig. 25, p. 41.</ref> lending an especially Etruscan air<ref>"The married couple is ubiquitous in Etruscan art. It is appropriate to the social situation of the Etruscan aristocracy, in which the wife's family played as important a role in the family's genealogy as that of the husband." (Bonfante and Swaddling, 2006, 51f.).</ref> of familial authority.

Reference in post-classical culture

File:Jean-Baptiste Greuze (1725-1805) - Ariadne - P421 - The Wallace Collection.jpg

Ariadne by Jean-Baptiste Greuze, 1804

Non-musical works

• Ariadne: A Tragedy in Five Acts, a play by Thomas Corneille.
• In Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem Template:Ws from Ideal Likenesses (1825), she sees her as "a lesson how inconstancy should be repaid again by like inconstancy".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> She returned to the subject of Ariadne in 1838 with her Template:Ws:<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> one of her Subjects for Pictures.
• Johann Heinrich von Dannecker's marble sculpture Ariadne on the Panther (1814), was well known in 19th-century Germany.
• The narrative of Ariadne is a theme throughout the second volume of George Eliot's novel Romola.
• "Ariadne auf Naxos", a poem by Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg
• "Ariadne", a story by Anton Chekhov
• "Klage der Ariadne", a poem by Friedrich Nietzsche
• Metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico painted eight works with a classical statue of Ariadne as a prop.
• Ariadne (1924), a play by A. A. Milne
• Ariadne (1932), an epic poem by F. L. Lucas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Musical works

• Richard Strauss's standard repertory opera Ariadne auf Naxos of 1912 was preceded by a L'Arianna each by Claudio Monteverdi in 1608, and Carlo Agostino Badia in 1702; Ariadne by German composer Johann Georg Conradi in 1691; Arianna in ca. 1727 by Benedetto Marcello; Arianna e Teseo (1727) and Arianna in Nasso (1733) by Nicola Porpora; Arianna in Creta (1734) by George Frideric Handel; and by non-operatic Ariadne auf Naxos works including a cantata based on the Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg poem, Jiri Antonin Benda's 1775 melodrama Ariadne auf Naxos, and Joseph Haydn's 1790 cantata Arianna a Naxos.
• Albert Roussel's 1931 ballet score Bacchus and Ariadne

Bibliography

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Kerenyi, Karl. Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life, part I.iii "The Cretan core of the Dionysos myth" Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
• Peck, Harry Thurston. Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898).
• Ruck, Carl A. P. and Danny Staples. The World of Classical Myth. Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 1994.
• Barthes, Roland, "Camera Lucida". Barthes quotes Nietzsche, "A labyrinthine man never seeks the truth, but only his Ariadne," using Ariadne in reference to his mother, who had recently died.

External links

• Theoi Project – Ariadne Assembles Greek and Latin quotations concerning Ariadne, in translation.
• The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Ariadne)