Arnobius

Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Infobox philosopher ArnobiusTemplate:Efn (died c. 330) was an early Christian apologist of Berber origin<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> during the reign of Diocletian (284–305).

According to Jerome's Chronicle, Arnobius, before his conversion, was a distinguished Numidian rhetorician at Sicca Veneria (El Kef, Tunisia), a major Christian center in Proconsular Africa, and owed his conversion to a premonitory dream.<ref name="EB1911" /> However, Arnobius writes dismissively of dreams in his surviving book.

According to Jerome, to overcome the doubts of the local bishop as to the earnestness of his Christian belief he wrote (c. 303, from evidence in IV:36) an apologetic work in seven books, which St. Jerome calls<ref>De Viris Illustribus, lxxix.</ref> {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} but which is entitled {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in the only (9th-century) manuscript that has survived. Jerome's reference, his remark that Lactantius was a pupil of Arnobius<ref>Jerome, Epistle 70.5. Arnobius' and Lactantius' readings of the classical pagan authors are compared in G. L. Ellspermann, The Attitude of the Early Christian Writers to Pagan Literature and Learning (Washington) 1949:56-50, 72-77.</ref> and the surviving treatise are all the surviving facts about Arnobius.

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{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was composed in response to arguments justifying Diocletian's persecution of Christians by claiming that Christians had brought the wrath of the gods on Ancient Rome.<ref name="YoungEdwards2006">Template:Cite book</ref>

Arnobius, whom Revilo P. Oliver describes as "a practitioner of the turgid and coarse style that is called African",<ref>Revilo P. Oliver, reviewing George E. McCracken (tr.), Arnobius of Sicca: The Case Against the Pagans (Westminster, Maryland: Newman Press) 1949, Classical Journal 46.4 (January 1951:201).</ref> is a vigorous apologist for Christianity. He holds the heathen gods to be real beings, but subordinate to the supreme Christian God. He also affirms that the human soul (Book II, 14 - 62) is not the work of God, but of an intermediate being, and is not immortal by nature, but capable of putting on immortality as a grace. Arnobius argues that a belief in the soul's immortality would tend to remove moral restraint, and have a prejudicial effect on human life.<ref name="EB1911">{{#if: |

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Never specifically identifying his pagan adversaries, some of whom may be straw men, set up to be demolished,<ref>"Arnobius Adversus Genera: 'Arnobius on the Genders'" The Classical Journal 42.8 (May 1947:474-476) p. 474.</ref> Arnobius argues in defence of monotheism, Christianity ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), and the divinity of Christ. He praises Christianity's rapid diffusion, credits it with civilizing barbarians, and describes it as being in consonance with Platonism.

In order to argue against pagan and idolatry, Arnobius goes into significant detail about pagan worship, drawing on sources such as Cornelius Labeo. In books III through V, he describes temples, idols, and the Graeco-Roman cult practice of his time; in books VI and VII, sacrifices and the worship of images.<ref name="EB1911"/>

In book 2 section 4 of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Arnobius gives the first known version of the argument later called Pascal's Wager,<ref>J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal, Baltimore 2001, pp. 249-50.</ref> that in case of doubt about religion one should commit to it because of the rewards of doing so and risks of not doing so. He argues:

The work of Arnobius appears to have been written when he was a recent convert, for he does not possess a very extensive knowledge of Scripture. He knows nothing of the Old Testament, and only the life of Christ in the New, while he does not quote directly from the Gospels. He was much influenced by Lucretius and had read Plato. His statements concerning Greek and Roman mythology are based respectively on the Protrepticus of Clement of Alexandria, and on Cornelius Labeo, who belonged to the preceding generation and attempted to restore Neoplatonism.<ref name="EB1911"/>

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} survived in a single ninth-century manuscript in Paris (and a bad copy of it in Brussels).<ref>Codex Parisinus, lat. 1661. Concetto Marchesi, Arnobii adversus nationes libri vii (Corpus Scriptorum Latinorum Paravianum) Turin, 1953.</ref> The French manuscript also contains the Octavius of Marcus Minucius Felix.<ref>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Modern translations of the Octavius come from a 9th century manuscript in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris which contains the seven books of Arnobius’ (284-305) Adversus Nationes along with an 8th book—the Octavius."--http://www.iep.utm.edu/minucius/</ref>

References

• Template:Cite book (draws extensively on Arnobius)
• Template:Catholic
• Template:CathEncy
• Template:Cite book The only modern study.

External links

• Template:Wikisourcelang-inline
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes
• Editio princeps: Disputationum adversus gentes libri VIII : Nunc primum in lucem editi, Rome, 1542, Online at the Bavarian State Library. With the Octavius of Minucius Felix as liber octavus .