Arthur P. Gorman

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As a young man, Gorman also played a prominent role in the early development of baseball in Washington, D.C. He was a founding member of the original Washington Nationals of the National Association, the first American baseball team, and became one of the nation's star players by 1864. Later in life, he served as a member of the Mills Commission which investigated the origins of the sport.<ref name="sabr" />

Early life and careerEdit

Gorman was born in Woodstock, Maryland on March 11, 1839. His father was Peter Gorman, a construction contractor, and his mother was Elizabeth A. Gorman (née Brown). Arthur was named after the family physician, Dr. Arthur Pue. He was the first of five children, including William.<ref name="sabr" />

Gorman's paternal grandfather, John, emigrated to the U.S. from Ireland circa 1794, first settling in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania before moving to the Baltimore area.<ref name="sabr" />

The Gorman family moved to Howard County, Maryland around 1845,<ref name="monumental">Template:Cite book</ref> where Peter Gorman bought a Template:Convert farm several miles from Laurel.<ref name="sabr" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Gorman attended Howard County public schools<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and for at least one year his father hired a tutor to teach him and neighboring students.<ref name="Lambert">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

In 1850, Peter Gorman used his connections to Maryland Congressmen William T. Hamilton and Edward Hammond to arrange for 11-year old Arthur to serve as a U.S. Senate page.<ref name="sabr" /> Gorman became friends with prominent Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas, who made Gorman his private secretary.<ref name="sabr" /> Some sources state that Gorman accompanied Douglas during his debates with Abraham Lincoln in 1858,<ref name="monumental" /> although biographer John R. Lambert questions these accounts.<ref name="Lambert" />Template:Rp Gorman continued to work for the senate throughout the 1850s and 1860s, including positions as messenger, assistant doorkeeper, and assistant postmaster.<ref name="congbio">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1866, he was appointed Postmaster.<ref name="congbio" /> Gorman's experience in the Senate gave him extensive knowledge of parliamentary procedures that he would put to use during his political career.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

During the American Civil War, Gorman was a pro-Union Democrat. In September 1866, Republicans who held the senate majority removed him as postmaster because he supported President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction policies. Johnson immediately appointed Gorman as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Fifth Congressional District of Maryland.<ref name="sabr" />

BaseballEdit

At the age of 20 in 1859, Gorman was one of the founding members of the Washington Nationals, the first fully professional baseball team in America. He rose to become a star by the end of the Civil War era.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to contemporary accounts, Gorman was the team's standout left fielder, but often substituted or filled in at every other position, including pitcher and catcher.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

In 1867, he led the Nationals in their first trip over the mountains, in which they beat every midwest team except Rockford, Illinois, which had Albert Spalding as its pitcher.<ref name="mhm">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Also in 1867, Gorman was elected to a one-year term as president of the National Association of Base Ball Players.<ref name="sabr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="mhm" />

In 1891, as part of an expanded National League, a Washington franchise was added. Originally called the Washington Statesmen, the team was renamed "Senators" to honor Gorman. While this team folded in 1899, subsequent franchises would use the "Senators" name until 1971. In February 1903, Gorman and his son-in-law Wilton Lambert attempted but failed to buy the Washington Senators baseball team.<ref name="sabr" />

Early political careerEdit

Gorman was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates in 1869, serving until 1875; he served as Speaker of the House for one session.

Gorman was closely aligned with Baltimore political leader Isaac Freeman Rasin and supported William Pinkney Whyte for Governor in 1871. Whyte, in turn, gave Gorman a position as director of the C&O Canal.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1875, he was elected to the Maryland State Senate, serving until 1881.<ref name="congbio" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

U.S. SenatorEdit

In 1880, the Maryland legislature elected Gorman to the United States Senate, where he soon became a leader of the Bourbon Democrats. The New York Times reported that the previous legislative election was influenced by large groups of "ward rounders" who shot and wounded black Republican voters at the Howard County polls.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Arthur P. Gorman of Maryland, from the Presidential Possibilities series (N124) issued by Duke Sons & Co. to promote Honest Long Cut Tobacco MET DPB873736.jpg

CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1884 Gorman became chairman of the National Democratic Committee and served as campaign manager for Democratic presidential candidate Grover Cleveland.<ref name="Lambert" />Template:Rp Cleveland faced Republican candidate James Blaine in the election. Both men had character issues and the campaign was an extremely negative and close one. Blaine actively courted the Irish Catholic vote and he publicized that his mother was Catholic.<ref name="Lambert" />Template:Rp On Wednesday October 29, Blaine attended a meeting with Protestant clergymen in New York City. At the meeting, Rev. Samuel D. Burchard made an introductory speech in which he denounced the Democratic Party as the party of "rum, Romanism and rebellion". The fatigued Blaine did not hear the comment and when he spoke, he failed to correct this attack on Catholicism.<ref name="Lambert" />Template:Rp Gorman, who was operating from Democratic headquarters in New York, had sent a stenographic reporter to cover the meeting.<ref name="Lambert" />Template:Rp After learning what Burchard had said, Gorman immediately recognized the importance of the "rum, Romanism and rebellion" comment and went to work.<ref name="Straus">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Within hours cities with large Catholic populations were blanketed with posters and handbills with the letters "R.R.R." on them<ref name="Lambert" />Template:Rp and dispatches were sent to newspapers across the country.<ref name="Hudson">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Blaine tried to make a disclaimer, but the damage was done. The November 4 election was determined by New York, which Cleveland won by only 1,149 votes (0.1% of the total vote). Gorman's handling of the Cleveland campaign, including the "rum, Romanism and rebellion" comment, was widely recognized as the decisive factor in securing Cleveland's victory.<ref name="Death Ends Senator Gorman's Career" /><ref>"Senator Arthur P. Gorman Dead", The Brooklyn Eagle, June 4, 1906, p. 28</ref>

He served as the Democratic caucus chairman from 1890 to 1898. He chaired the Committee on Printing (53rd Congress) and served on the Committee on Private Land Claims (55th Congress).<ref name="congbio" />

He played a major role in financial and tariff legislation, especially the Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894, which successfully lowered tariffs in response to the McKinley Act of 1890, but thwarted President Cleveland's effort at completely or nearly free trade.

Gorman was reelected twice more in 1886 and 1892 but was defeated for re-election in 1898, losing to Louis E. McComas.<ref name="congbio" /> After his defeat, Gorman campaigned for Maryland's other U.S. Senate seat and was elected again by the Legislature in 1902.<ref name="congbio" /><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

}}</ref> He was again appointed as the Democratic Caucus Chairman, which he held from 1903 to 1906.<ref name="congbio" />

File:Arthur Pue Gorman 1902.jpg

Satirical cartoon depicting Gorman leading Democrats in the 1902 election

Gorman was briefly a candidate for U.S. president in 1892 and 1904.<ref name="timesobit" />

Racial politicsEdit

In 1889, Gorman sought to differentiate his party from a growing mixed-race coalition of Republicans and independent Democrats. He was quoted as saying, "We have determined that this government was made by white men and shall be ruled by white men as long as the republic lasts."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

In his final years, Gorman "spearheaded an attempt by Democrats to disenfranchise black voters in Maryland, who tended to vote Republican." Related legislation passed easily in the Democratically controlled Senate of early 1904, though Governor Warfield did not sign the bill into law, and it was rejected by voters in late 1905.<ref name="msa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal life and familyEdit

Gorman married a widow, Hannah T. "Hattie" Donagan, on March 28, 1867.<ref name="sabr" /> She was born Template:Circa in Reading, Pennsylvania, the daughter of George P. Donagan, and her first marriage c. 1853 was to Alexander Jordan Swartz, who was a mayor of Reading for a term before later working in Washington, D.C. and dying c. 1864.<ref name="wpHattie">Template:Cite news Template:Open access</ref>

Gorman served as a director and eventually president of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company;<ref name="msa" /> the canal ran along the north shore of the Potomac River from Georgetown above Washington, D.C., to Cumberland, Maryland.

The Gormans had five daughters and one son: Ada, Haddie, Grace, Anne Elizabeth ("Bessie"), Mary and Arthur P. Jr.<ref name="sabr" /> In 1890, Gorman's wife and daughter Grace escaped a fire at their Laurel house "Fairview"; a new Queen Anne style house was built in its place the following year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Haddie Gorman GambrillEdit

File:Haddie Gorman.jpg

Haddie Gorman in 1895

Gorman's eldest daughter, Haddie, married Stephen Warfield Gambrill in 1900.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Her husband later served as a Maryland state delegate, state senator, and U.S. representative.<ref>Template:CongBio</ref>

Ada GormanEdit

File:Ada Gorman.jpg

Ada Gorman in 1895

Gorman's daughter Ada married Charles Joseph Magness, a young man about half her age, against her family's wishes in 1908.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Magness was soon thereafter imprisoned for desertion from the U.S. Navy. Upon his release a year later, the couple lived in Washington, D.C., and then the Baltimore suburb of Lutherville.<ref name="coughlin">Template:Cite news Template:Dead link</ref>

When her mother died in 1910, Ada was cut off from her share of the Gorman family estate.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The marriage lasted a total of 14 years before Ada divorced in 1922 due to her husband's infidelity.<ref name="coughlin" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She died childless and with few friends in the spring of 1950.<ref name="coughlin" />

Grace "Daisy" Gorman JohnsonEdit

Gorman's daughter Grace (better known as Daisy) married Richard Alward Johnson, the first manager of the Laurel race track and later a Maryland State Senator, in 1895.<ref name="MSAoverlook">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They had two children, Richard Jr. and Grace. They lived at the historic Overlook farmhouse in North Laurel, which was built for Daisy on the family property in 1911.<ref name="BSkgj">Template:Cite news</ref> (This home was later owned from 1952 to 2018 by diplomat and businessman Kingdon Gould Jr., who raised his family and died there.)<ref name="MSAoverlook" /><ref name="BSkgj" /> The town of Daisy in Howard County, Maryland, is named in Gorman's daughter's honor. Her son, Richard Jr., raised and trained horses, and her daughter, Grace Johnson, later married Braxton Bragg Comer Jr., son of former Alabama Governor B. B. Comer.<ref name="Sarasota">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Arthur Gorman Jr.Edit

File:Portrait of Arthur Pue Gorman Jr. (1914).png

Arthur P. Gorman Jr. c. 1914

Template:Main article Gorman's only son, Arthur Jr., attended Lawrenceville Prep and played on the Maryland Agricultural College football team in 1892 and 1893 as a fullback.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1898, Arthur Jr. founded the Piedmont Mining Company in Maryland and West Virginia with his uncle William and Thomas L. Marriott.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He married Grace Norris on November 28, 1900.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Arthur Jr. served as a Maryland state senator (1904–1910), the last year during which he was Senate President.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Arthur Jr. was nominated for Governor of Maryland in 1911, but narrowly lost to Republican Phillips Lee Goldsborough.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was later a state tax commissioner, until his death in 1919 due to complications from diabetes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Bessie Gorman LambertEdit

Gorman's daughter Bessie married Princeton graduate and Democratic speechwriter Wilton J. Lambert on June 24, 1896, at the Gormans' Washington home on the corner of 15th and K Streets.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They had two children, Elizabeth (b. 1897) and Arthur.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> An attorney, Lambert helped Arthur Gorman attempt to buy the Washington Senators baseball team in February 1903.<ref name="sabr" /> His son, Arthur Gorman Lambert (1899–1991), was a member of Princeton's class of 1922, also practiced law, and founded Suburban Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> he unveiled a donated portrait of his grandfather, Arthur Pue Gorman, at the Capitol in 1943.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Arthur gorman.jpg

Gorman's senate portrait, by Louis P. Dieterich, 1911

Mary Gorman HillsEdit

Gorman's youngest daughter, Mary, married Ralph Warren Hills on February 27, 1901.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Their son, Ralph Gorman Hills, won a bronze medal for shot put at the 1924 Summer Olympics.<ref name="howard">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He graduated from Princeton University, after which he earned an M.D. degree from Johns Hopkins University and became a doctor;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> his first son, J. Dixon Hills,<ref name="RWHobit">Template:Cite news</ref> also chose to become a physician.<ref name="howard" />

Gorman's great-grandson, Ralph Warren Hills Jr., was a WBAL television producer in Baltimore.<ref name="RWHobit" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Death and legacyEdit

File:Grave of Arthur Pue Gorman (1839-1906).jpg

Grave of Gorman at Oak Hill Cemetery

Gorman served as a U.S. senator until his death from a heart attack in Washington, D.C., on June 4, 1906.<ref name="msa" /> He had been ill with stomach trouble and hadn't left his Washington house since mid-January.<ref name="timesobit">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was interred at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Gorman's wife became ill soon after his death, and died on June 21, 1910.<ref name="wpHattie" />

LegacyEdit

Gorman, Maryland and Gormania, West Virginia, are named after him,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> as is Gorman Road in North Laurel.<ref name="naming">Template:Cite news</ref> An elementary school near this road is named "Gorman Crossing".<ref name="naming" />

The repair ship USS Tutuila was originally named SS Arthur P. Gorman in August 1943.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2000, a proposed neighborhood within the Kings Contrivance section of Columbia, Maryland was to be named "Gorman's Promise," but the naming was canceled after consideration of Gorman's involvement in the disenfranchisement of black voters.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>