Artocarpus

Artocarpus is a genus of approximately 60 trees and shrubs of Southeast Asian and Pacific origin, belonging to the mulberry family, Moraceae. Most species of Artocarpus are restricted to Southeast Asia; a few cultivated species are more widely distributed, especially A. altilis (breadfruit) and A. heterophyllus (jackfruit), which are cultivated throughout the tropics.<ref name = Zerega2005>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Description

All Artocarpus species are laticiferous trees or shrubs that are composed of leaves, twigs and stems capable of producing a milky sap. The flora type is monoecious and produces unisexual flowers; furthermore, both sexes are present within the same plant. The plants produce small, greenish, female flowers that grow on short, fleshy spikes. Following pollination, the flowers grow into a syncarpous fruit, and these are capable of growing into very large sizes. The stipulated leaves vary from small and entire (Artocarpus integer) to large and lobed (Artocarpus altilis), with the cordate leaves of the species A. altilis ending in long, sharp tips.

Taxonomy

The name Artocarpus is derived from the Greek words artos ("bread") and karpos ("fruit"). This name was coined by Johann Reinhold Forster and J. Georg Adam Forster, a father-and-son team of botanists aboard HMS Resolution on James Cook's second voyage; they used it in their book Characteres generum plantarum. It is maintained as a conserved name.

Although fossils of Artocarpus have been reported from as early as the Late Cretaceous, these fossils generally that lack key diagnostic characters such as that could definitively place them in the genus. The last common ancestor of all living Artocarpus likely originated in the vicinity of Borneo, from which Artocarpus dispersed elsewhere in Asia and Oceania.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Subgenera

Recent phylogenetic research, based on leaf arrangement, leaf anatomical characters and stipules, indicates that there are at least two subgenera in Artocarpus:

• Subgenus Artocarpus: Perianth of fruit is partially connate (fused).
• Subgenus Pseudojaca: Perianth is entirely connate.
• Subgenus Cauliflori<ref name="NUsites – A website publishing platform for Northwestern University 2013">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Subgenus Pseudojaca is allied to the genus Prainea, and some researchers treat this taxon as a fourth subgenus of Artocarpus.

Extant species

Subgenus	Image	Scientific name	Common name	Distribution
Artocarpus	File:Starr 060703-8343 Artocarpus altilis.jpg	Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg	Breadfruit, Seedless breadfruit, Sukun, Kolo, Rimas, Anubing	Oceania from New Guinea through the Indo-Malayan Archipelago to western Micronesia
	File:Arto aniso T 070203 mncg.JPG	Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq.	Popwan, Entawak, Mentawa	Palawan (Philippines), Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
		Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.	Antipolo	Philippines (Endemic)
		Artocarpus brevipedunculatus (F. M. Jarrett) C. C. Berg		Borneo
	File:Artocarpus camansi 1.jpg	Artocarpus camansi Blanco	Breadnut, Kamansi, Kluwih, Deeball, Seeded breadfruit	Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
		Artocarpus corneri Kochummen		Borneo (Sarawak)
		Artocarpus chama Buch.-Ham.	Chaplaish	Yunnan China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sikkim, Thailand
	File:Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume - Bendo, Terap.jpg	Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume	Benda, Bendo, Teureup, Malagumihan	Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas
		Artocarpus excelsus Jarrett		Borneo (Sabah)
		Artocarpus glaucus Blume		Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia
	File:Artocarpus hirsutus fruit.jpg	Artocarpus hirsutus Lam.	Anjily, WildJack, Jungle Jack, Angelin, Hirsute Artocarpus, Aini Maram, Aini	Western Ghats, India
		Artocarpus hispidus Jarrett		Peninsular Malaysia
		Artocarpus horridus Jarrett		Maluku
		Artocarpus jarrettiae Kochummen		Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak)
		Artocarpus kemando Miq.	Pudau, Pudu	Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
	File:Keledang (2).jpg	Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.	Keledang	Indonesia
		Artocarpus lowii King		Peninsula Malaysia to Sumatera
		Artocarpus maingayi King		Borneo
		Artocarpus mariannensis Trécul	Dugdug	Mariana Islands and Guam
		Artocarpus melinoxylus Gagnep.		Vietnam
		Artocarpus multifidus Jarrett		Philippines (Mindanao, Samar)
	File:Artocarpus nobilis.jpg	Artocarpus nobilis Thwaites	Ceylon breadfruit	south western regions of Sri Lanka
	File:8158Marang Philippines Artocarpus odoratissimus 12.jpg	Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco	Johey oak, Terap, Marang, Morangbaum	Borneo, Philippines (Palawan and Mindanao Island)
		Artocarpus obtusus Jarrett		Borneo (Sarawak)
		Artocarpus pinnatisectus Merr.		Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao)
		Artocarpus rigidus Blume	Monkey jackfruit	Indochina and Malesia
		Artocarpus sarawakensis F.M.Jarrett	Pingan, Mountain Terap	Sarawak
	File:Artocarpus scortechinii1.jpg	Artocarpus scortechinii King	Two winged Artocarpus, Black Terap	Malaysia
		Artocarpus sepicanus Diels		New Guinea
	File:Artocarpus sericicarpus 6zz.jpg	Artocarpus sericicarpus F.M.Jarrett	Peluntan, Gumihan, Pedalai, Hairy Terap	Borneo (Sarawak), Malaysia (Sabah), the Philippines (Mindoro), and Indinesia (Kalimantan)
		Artocarpus sumatranus Jarrett		Sumatra
	File:Timbangan (Artocarpus tamaran) (8082540008).jpg	Artocarpus tamaran Becc.	Elephant Jack, Tamaran	Borneo
		Artocarpus teysmannii Miq.		Nicobar Islands, Peninsula Thailand to W. New Guinea
		Artocarpus treculianus Elmer	Tipuho, Pakak, Kabaya, Togop, Tugup	Batanes (Philippines)
Cauliflori (F.M. Jarrett) Zerega, Supardi, and Motley		Artocarpus annulatus Jarrett		Borneo (Sarawak)
	File:Artocarpus heterophylla fruit 01.JPG	Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.	Nangka, Langka, Jackfruit	India, South East of Indian Subcontinent, China, Philippines
	File:Artocarpus integer Fruit and Tree.JPG	Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.	Cempedak, Badak	southeast Asia, especially from Malaysia and can be found in Indonesia to the island of New Guinea, Palawan, Philippines
Pseudojaca Trécul		Artocarpus albobrunneus Berg		Borneo (Kalimantan)
		Artocarpus altissimus (Miq.) J. J. Smith		Peninsula Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo (Kalimantan)
		Artocarpus borneensis Merr.	Tampang	Borneo
	File:Artocarpus dadah fruit.jpg	Artocarpus dadah Miq.	Dadah, Tampang	Sumatra
		Artocarpus fretessii Teysm. & Binnend.		Eastern Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, the Moluccas and Irian Jaya
		Artocarpus fulvicortex Jarrett		Malaya to Sumatera
	File:Artocarpus gomezianus 16.JPG	Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trécul	Sampang	Assam to W. Malesia
		Artocarpus gongshanensis S.K.Wu ex C.Y.Wu & S.S.Chang		NW Yunnan, China
		Artocarpus griffithii (King) Merr.	Beruni, Selanking	Southern China to Sumatra, Singapore and Borneo
		Artocarpus humilis Becc.	Beruni, Selanking	Borneo
		Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth.	White Kwai Muk	China
	File:Monkey Jack (Artocarpus lakoocha) 4.jpg	Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham.	Lakoocha, Monkey fruit	Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia
		Artocarpus lamellosus Blanco	Butong	China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Hunan, S Yunnan), Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam
		Artocarpus longifolius Becc.		Borneo
		Artocarpus nanchuanensis S.S.Chang et al.		Chongqing (Nanchuan), China
		Artocarpus nigrifolius C.Y.Wu		S Yunnan (Jinping), China
		Artocarpus ovatus Blanco		Philippines
		Artocarpus parvus Gagnep.	Kwai muk	South-East Asia, China
		Artocarpus petelotii Gagnepain		China (SE Yunnan), N Vietnam
		Artocarpus pithecogallus C.Y.Wu		China (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)
		Artocarpus primackiana Kochummen		Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak)
		Artocarpus reticulatus Miq.		Sulawesi to Maluku
		Artocarpus rubrovenia Warb.	Kalulot	Philippines
		Artocarpus subrotundifolius Elmer		Philippines
		Artocarpus styracifolius Pierre		China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, SW Hunan, SE Yunnan), Laos, Vietnam
		Artocarpus thailandicus C.C.Berg		N Thailand
		Artocarpus tomentosulus Jarrett		NE Borneo
		Artocarpus tonkinensis A.Chev. ex Gagnep.		China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, S Yunnan), Cambodia, N Vietnam
		Artocarpus vrieseanus Miq.		Sulawesi to New Guinea
		Artocarpus xanthocarpus Merr.		Taiwan (Lan Yu), Indonesia (Kalimantan), Philippines

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Fossil record

Fossil leaves and fruits of †Artocarpus dicksoni have been found in Cretaceous formations of West Greenland. Fossil leaves of †Artocarpus ordinarius have been found in Cretaceous stratum at the south bank of the Yukon River just above Rampart, Alaska.<ref>The Tertiary floras of Alaska: Issues 181–184 by Charles Arthur Hollick – 1 January 1936 – U.S. Gov't. Print. Off.</ref> Fossils of †Artocarpus californica have been described from Eocene and Miocene strata of the Pacific coast of California and Oregon.<ref>The Lower Ecene Floras of Southeastern North America by Edward Wilber Berry, Professional Paper – United States Geological Survey, The Survey, 1916</ref> 8 fossil species of Artocarpus (†A. capellinii, †A. isseli, †A. macrophylla, †A. massalongoi, †A. multinervis, †A. ovalifolia, †A. sismondai and †A. taramellii) from the lower Oligocene, have been described from a fossil leaves collected from 1857 to 1889 in Santa Giustina and Sassello in Central Liguria, Italy.<ref>Oligocene fossil leaves of the Perrando Collection: history, preservation and paleoclimatic meaning by Maria Cristina Bonci, Grazia Vannucci, Simona Tacchino & Michele Piazza – Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 50 (3), 2011, 145–164. Modena, 30 dicembre 2011 – ISSN 0375-7633 – doi:10.4435/BSPI.2011.14</ref>

Uses

Several species in the genus bear edible fruit and are commonly cultivated: Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), Cempedak (Artocarpus integer), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Kwai Muk (Artocarpus parvus), Lakoocha (Artocarpus lakoocha), Pudau (Artocarpus kemando), Anjily (a.k.a. Jungle Jack) (Artocarpus hirsutus), Chaplaish (Artocarpus chama), and Marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus).

Breadfruit and jackfruit are cultivated widely in the tropical Southeast Asia. Other species are cultivated locally for their timber, fruit or edible seeds. Anjily, A. hirsutus, is grown for fruit and timber in the Western Ghats.

Gallery

• Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume - Bendo, Terap.jpg

  Artocarpus elasticus, Heritage Tree, Terap, Fort Canning, Singapore

• Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis.jpg

  Bark of Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis

• Starr 030807-0064 Artocarpus odoratissimus.jpg

  Marang (A. odoratissimus) is in the Artocarpus subgenus.

See also

• Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia

• Template:Wikispecies-inline
• Template:Wiktionary-inline

References

• Zerega, N. J. C. and T. J. Motley. 2001. Artocarpus (Moraceae) molecular phylogeny and the systematics and origins of breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis. Botanical Society of America Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, NM. August 12–16, 2001.