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The Aster 15 and Aster 30 are a Franco-Italian family of all-weather, vertical launch surface-to-air missiles.<ref name="eurosam.com">Eurosam: Naval Systems – Aster 15 & 30/PAAMS (Official Eurosam website), Retrieved February 2014. "Up to 120 km range".</ref> The name "Aster" stands for "Aérospatiale Terminale", with French company Aérospatiale having been the project's lead contractor before its missile activities were merged into MBDA. It also takes inspiration from the word "aster" (Template:Langx), meaning "star" in Ancient Greek. The missiles as well as the related weapon systems are manufactured by Eurosam, a consortium consisting of MBDA France, MBDA Italy and Thales, each holding a 33.3% share.
The Aster missiles were developed to intercept and destroy the full spectrum of air threats from high-performance combat aircraft, UAVs and helicopters to cruise, anti-radiation and even sea-skimming supersonic anti-ship missiles.<ref name="Aster 30 hits sea-skimming target at supersonic speeds">Template:Cite news</ref> The Aster 30 Block 1 and Block 1 NT are designed to also counter ballistic missiles.<ref name="auto1"/>
The Aster is primarily operated by France and Italy, as well as the United Kingdom as an export customer, and is an integrated component of the PAAMS air defence system, known in the Royal Navy as Sea Viper. As the principal weapon of the PAAMS, the Aster equips the Template:Sclass2s in French and Italian service as well as the British Type 45 destroyers. It equips the French and Italian FREMM multipurpose frigates, though not through the PAAMS air defense suite itself but specific French and Italian derivatives of the system.
HistoryEdit
During the 1980s, the predominant missiles in Franco-Italian service were short-range systems such as the French Crotale, Italian Selenia Aspide or American Sea Sparrow, with ranges up to a dozen kilometres. Some vessels were also equipped with the American medium/long range RIM-66 Standard. France and Italy decided to start development of a domestic medium/long range surface-to-air missile to enter service in the first decade of the 21st century, that would give them comparable range but superior interception capability to the American Standard or British Sea Dart already in service.
Thought was given in particular to the new missile's ability to intercept next-generation supersonic anti-ship missiles, such as the BrahMos missile developed jointly by India and Russia. This allowed the actual systems to have the characteristic of being specialised either in short-to-medium range "point defence" for e.g. ships, or in medium-to-long range "zone defence" of fleets.
In May 1989, a memorandum of understanding was signed between France and Italy for the development of a family of future surface-to air-missiles. Eurosam was formed shortly afterwards. By July 1995 development had taken shape in the form of the Aster missile, and test firing of the first Aster 30 took place. The missile successfully intercepted a target at an altitude of Template:Convert and at speeds of Template:Convert. A Phase 2 contract was awarded in 1997 at US$1 billion for pre-production and development of the French-Italian land and naval systems.
During development trials between 1993 and 1994 all flight sequences, altitudes and ranges, were validated. This was also the period during which the launch sequence of Aster 30 was validated. In May 1996, trials of the Aster 15 active electromagnetic final guidance system against live targets began. All six attempts were successful. During 1997 Aster was extensively tested, this time being pitted against targets such as the Aerospatiale C.22 target and first generation Exocet anti-ship missiles.
In numerous engagements Aster scored direct impacts on its targets. During an engagement in November 1997 in a strong countermeasures environment, the Aster was not armed with its military warhead, so that the distance between the Aster and the target could be recorded. The target, a C22, was recovered bearing two strong cuts made by the fins of the Aster missile.
In May 2001, Aster again completed the "manufacturer's validation firing test". It was deployed for the first time on the French nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Template:Ship. In June 2001, the Aster achieved a successful interception of an Arabel missile at low altitude in less than five seconds. In 2001, a target simulating an aircraft flying at speeds of Mach 1 and at an altitude of Template:Convert was intercepted by an Aster 15. The first ever operational firing of the Aster missile took place during October 2002 on board Charles de Gaulle.<ref name="auto">Template:Citation</ref>
In November 2003, Eurosam was awarded the 3 billion euro Phase 3 production contract. Full production and exports to France, Italy, Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom started.<ref name="auto"/> The resulting Aster surface-to-air missile meets inter-service and international requirements, addressing the needs of the land, air and naval forces of France, Italy and the United Kingdom. The decision to base the missile around a common terminal intercept "dart" to which different sized boosters can be attached, has made it modular and extensible.
From 2002 to 2005, the Italian experimental frigate Template:Ship provided a test bed for live firing trials of the Aster 15 from Sylver A43 launchers with EMPAR and SAAM-it systems, and the trials of Aster 30 from Sylver A50 launchers with EMPAR and PAAMS(E) systems.<ref name=gaspare>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:As of, France had spent €4.1bn at 2010 prices on 10 SAMP/T launchers, 375 Aster 30 missiles and 200 Aster 15 missiles.<ref name=Francebudget2012>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Another 80 Aster 30 and 40 Aster 15 were purchased for France's Template:Sclass2s under a separate programme.<ref name=Francebudget2012 />
In January 2023, the Italian and French Minister of Defense signed with MBDA a $2 billion contract for the purchase of 700 Aster missiles.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CharacteristicsEdit
There are two versions of the Aster missile family, the short-medium range version, the Aster 15, and the long range version, the Aster 30. The missile bodies are identical. Their difference in range and intercept speed is because Aster 30 uses a much larger booster. Total weights of the Aster 15 and Aster 30 are Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt respectively.<ref name="MBDA PDF" />
The Aster 15 is Template:Cvt long, rising to just under Template:Cvt for the Aster 30. Aster 15 has a diameter of Template:Cvt.<ref name="MBDA PDF" /> Given the larger dimensions of the Aster 30, a naval based system requires the longer tubes of the Sylver A50 or A70 vertical launching system (VLS). The American Mark 41 Vertical Launching System can accommodate Aster 30.
VariantsEdit
- Aster 15: Short to medium range surface-to-air missile
- Aster 15 EC : New version of the Aster 15 with twice the range (60+ km); under development as of 2023 and expected to be introduced in 2030<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Aster 30 Block 0: Medium to long range surface-to-air missile. It can pull manoeuvres in excess of 50g.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
- Aster 30 Block 1: Variant with anti-ballistic missile capability; tailored to counter Template:Cvt-class short-range ballistic missiles.<ref name="SAMP/T"/>
- Aster 30 Block 1NT: NT standing for "New Technology", it is a new variant of the Aster 30 designed to counter short and Template:Cvt-class medium-range ballistic missiles.<ref name=MBDAspec>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Aster 30 Block 2 BMD – Anti-ballistic missile under development and intended to counter up to Template:Cvt-class ballistic and maneuvering missiles.
The Aster 30 Block 1 is used on the Eurosam SAMP/T system operated by the French Air and Space Force and the Italian Army.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2015, France launched the development of the Block 1NT variant, a programme Italy would join in 2016.<ref name=MBDAspec /> The same year, the United Kingdom showed interest in acquiring the Block 1NT version for its Type 45 destroyers currently operating the Block 0.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2022, the United Kingdom announced a series of upgrades to its Type 45 destroyers. This included the implementation of the Block 1 version for anti-ship ballistic missile defense.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
DeploymentEdit
Edit
- Template:Ship
- Template:Ship
- Template:Sclass2
- Type 45 destroyer
- FREMM multipurpose frigate
- Template:Sclass
- Al Riyadh-class frigate
- Kalaat Béni Abbès class
- Frégate de défense et d'intervention
- Thaon di Revel-class offshore patrol vessel
- Doha-class corvette
Land systemsEdit
The Aster 30 has been incorporated by Eurosam into a mobile SAM system, fulfilling the ground-based theatre air defence/protection requirement. It comes in the form of the Sol-Air Moyenne-Portée/Terrestre (French for "Surface-to-Air Medium-Range/Land-based"), abbreviated as SAMP/T. The system uses a network of radars and sensors – including 3D phased array radar – enabling it to be effective against various air threats such as aircraft, tactical ballistic missiles, standoff missiles, cruise missiles or anti-radiation missiles.<ref name="SAMP/T"/>
The SAMP/T uses an upgraded version of the Arabel long range radar, developed under the Aster 30 Block 1 upgrade program, in order to extend the system's capability against higher speed and higher altitude targets. The Aster 30 Block 1 can intercept missiles with a Template:Cvt range (short-range ballistic missiles).<ref name="SAMP/T">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SAMP/T NG uses either the Kronos Grand Mobile High Power or the Ground Fire 300 AESA radars. SAMP/T NG will be delivered from 2025.<ref>https://eurosam.com/ground-systems/</ref>
Operational historyEdit
TestingEdit
- In April 2008, RSS Intrepid, a Template:Sclass of the Republic of Singapore Navy, shot down an aerial drone off the French port of Toulon during a naval exercise. Then again in 2010, a frigate of the same class, RSS Supreme fired an Aster 15 and shot down an aerial drone off the coast of Hawaii as part of exercise RIMPAC 2010. The RSN conducted 6 successful live-firings of the Aster missile over 11 years.
- Beginning with Template:HMS in September 2010, all of the Royal Navy's Type 45 destroyers have successfully intercepted Mirach drones with Aster missiles at the Benbecula ranges off the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Mirach is a Template:Cvt jet which flies at speeds of up to Template:Cvt at altitudes as low as Template:Cvt or as high as Template:Cvt.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- In December 2011, an Aster 30 missile downed an Israeli Black Sparrow ballistic missile target, the first time an Aster missile had attempted such an engagement.<ref name="Aster 30 hit BM">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- In April 2012, the Template:Sclass2, Template:Ship, of the French Navy downed a target simulating a sea-skimming supersonic anti-ship cruise missile flying at an altitude of less than 5 metres. It was the first time a European missile defence system destroyed a supersonic sea-skimming missile. The trial was described as a complex operational scenario.<ref name="Aster 30 hits sea-skimming target at supersonic speeds"/>
- In 2021, during the Exercise At-Sea Demo: Formidable Shield 2021, the Horizon-class frigate Forbin, intercepted a supersonic sea skimming target flying at more than 3000 km/h using an Aster 30 missile.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Russian invasion of UkraineEdit
In May 2023, Italian newspaper La Stampa reported that France and Italy had jointly delivered a SAMP/T air defense system to Ukraine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In June 2024, Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani announced that Italy would be sending a second SAMP/T system to Ukraine. The date of arrival was not announced.<ref name="kyiv independent"/> On 11 March 2025, Ukrainian Air Force Colonel Yurii Ihnat stated that the SAMP/T had downed a Russian Sukhoi military aircraft, among other targets. He did not provide any further details.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In March 2025, according to the Corriere della Sera, Ukraine had practically run out of Aster missiles, and was asking Italy and France for replenishment.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Red Sea crisisEdit
In 2024, during Operation Aspides, it is likely that the French Navy utilised Aster 30 to intercept three Houthi ballistic missiles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The missile was also likely used by the Royal Navy to down another Houthi ballistic missile in April 2024.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
OperatorsEdit
Current operatorsEdit
- Algerian National Navy – Template:Ship<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Template:Flagicon Egypt
- Egyptian Navy<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Hellenic Navy – Aster 30 for FDI HN frigates
- Template:Flagicon Italy
- Italian Navy
- Italian Army
- Italian Air Force<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Qatar Navy<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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One SAMP/T battery delivered jointly by France and Italy in 2023. The future delivery of another battery by Italy was announced in June 2024.Delivery of an additional battery was announced in May 2025.<ref name="kyiv independent">Template:Cite news</ref>
Potential operatorsEdit
- Turkish Air Force – In January 2018, a contract was signed during a state visit by the President of Turkey in Paris for a project with Eurosam for a future Long Range Air and Missile Defense System (LORAMIDS) for a period of 18 months where Turkish companies Roketsan and Aselsan would participate in the joint-production of the missile system.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was stated that the SAMP/T air defense system project, which was stopped at the end of 2019 due to Turkey's launch of Operation Peace Spring in Syria, came to the agenda at the NATO Summit, and that Turkey, France and Italy would revive the project.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Update after
- Slovak Air Force – Ministry of Defence of Slovak Republic is now negotiating and comparing offers for MRAD systems from Israeli companies, American–Norwegian NASAMS and French Aérospatiales SAMP/T system. Systems will replace old Soviet 2K12 Kub systems. Systems should be acquired in 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Croatian Air Force – In a decisive strategic initiative to fortify its national air and missile defense capabilities, the Republic of Croatia is evaluating the SAMP/T NG missile defense system, outfitted with Aster 30 B1 NT missiles. This procurement would underscore Croatia's proactive efforts to bolster its military infrastructure amidst dynamically evolving global security challenges. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Anti-aircraft warfare
- Anti-ballistic missile
- Comparison of anti-ballistic missile systems
- List of missiles
- Surface-to-air missile
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ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- SAMP/T Aster 30 Mamba Surface-to-air defence missile system (armyrecognition.com)
- Video – HMS Diamond fires Aster 30 missile, 2012
- MBDA Aster 15 & 30 PAAMS
- MBDA Aster 15 SAAM
- Eurosam Aster page
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