BMT Broadway Line
Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:For-multi Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox rail line The BMT Broadway Line is a rapid transit line of the B Division of the New York City Subway in Manhattan. Template:As of, it is served by four services, all colored Template:NYCS const: the Template:NYCS trains on the express tracks and the Template:NYCS trains on the local tracks during weekdays (the N and Q trains make local stops during late nights, as do the N and R trains on weekends). The line is often referred to as the "N and R",<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> since those were the only services on the line from 1988 to 2001, when the Manhattan Bridge's southern tracks were closed for rebuilding. The Broadway Line was built to give the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (later the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, or BMT) access to Midtown Manhattan.
The line is named for its location under Broadway between Vesey Street and Seventh Avenue/45th Street (Times Square). It also passes under Vesey Street, Whitehall Street, Trinity Place, and Church Street in Lower Manhattan, and Seventh Avenue, 59th Street, and 60th Street in Midtown. The local tracks stretch the entire length between the two East River tunnels: the Montague Street Tunnel to the BMT Fourth Avenue Line in Brooklyn and the 60th Street Tunnel to the BMT Astoria Line and 60th Street Tunnel Connection in Queens. Center express tracks exist between Canal Street and 57th Street, turning off at Canal Street to feed the south tracks on the Manhattan Bridge, and continuing north and east under Central Park as the IND/BMT 63rd Street Line (connecting with the Second Avenue Subway). The Broadway Line was the only Manhattan outlet north of Delancey Street for the BMT's Brooklyn lines until 1967, when the opening of the Chrystie Street Connection allowed most BMT Brighton Line and BMT West End Line service to be moved to the IND Sixth Avenue Line.
Description and serviceEdit
The following services use the Broadway Line<ref>Template:NYCS const</ref> and are colored Template:NYCS const:
| Route | Services | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time period | South of Whitehall St |
Between Whitehall St and Canal St |
Canal St via Bridge |
Between Canal St and 42 St |
49 St and 57 St |
Between 57 St and Lexington Ave | |
| Template:Rint | Weekdays | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" Template:N/A | express | local | |||
| Weekends | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" Template:N/A | local | |||||
| Nights | local | style="text-align:center;" Template:N/A | local | ||||
| Template:Rint | All times except nights | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" Template:N/A | express | align=center Template:N/A | |||
| Nights | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" Template:N/A | local | align=center Template:N/A | ||||
| Template:Rint | All times except nights | local | style="text-align:center;" Template:N/A | local | |||
| Nights | local | style="text-align:center;" colspan="5" Template:N/A | |||||
| Template:Rint | Weekdays | local rush hours |
local | style="text-align:center;" Template:N/A | local | ||
The BMT Broadway Line begins at the 60th Street Tunnel from Queens. The N and W trains from the BMT Astoria Line and the R service from the IND Queens Boulevard Line join at the beginning of the tunnel. The line runs west as a two-track subway line under 60th Street (east of Fifth Avenue) and 59th Street (west of Fifth Avenue), with stations at Lexington Avenue/59th Street and Fifth Avenue/59th Street. It then turns south to Seventh Avenue into the 57th Street–Seventh Avenue station.<ref name="tracks">Template:NYCS const</ref>
At the 57th Street station, the line joins two express tracks that enter the station from the north via the BMT 63rd Street Line, which the Q uses (with rush hour service from the N and R).<ref>* Template:NYCS const
- Template:NYCS const</ref> The line proceeds as a four-track subway down Seventh Avenue to its intersection with Broadway at Times Square-42nd Street, and then continues down Broadway to a point north of Canal Street, where the express tracks carrying the N and Q services descend and turn sharply east to separate platforms from the local tracks, before crossing the south side of the Manhattan Bridge to go to Brooklyn.<ref name="tracks" />
Immediately after Canal Street, the express tracks resume again (originally they had been intended to run through) and serve as storage and turning tracks, bypassing the Canal Street local station and ending in the disused lower level of City Hall. The local tracks continue south as a two-track subway to Whitehall Street–South Ferry station. Whitehall Street–South Ferry is a three track, two-platform station, with the center track set up as a terminal track for the W train during weekdays, and late night R trains. A pair of bellmouths exists here, allowing for a connection to a never-built East River tunnel south of the Montague Street Tunnel that would have connected to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn.<ref name="Senate">Template:Cite book</ref> It has been proposed to use this as part of the Lower Manhattan–Jamaica/JFK Transportation Project, connecting to the Court Street station (New York Transit Museum) in Brooklyn.<ref>Community Consulting Services, Inc. in association with George Haikalis, Transportation Consultant, {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Template:Small, revised April 2003, page 49</ref><ref>Regional Rail Working Group, {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Template:Small, page 4 (includes a map)</ref>
The BMT Broadway Line then curves east carrying the R train to a trailing non-revenue connection with the BMT Nassau Street Line (Template:NYCS trains) and enters the Montague Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.<ref name="tracks" />
Unused sections and provisionsEdit
Because of the complicated history, the Broadway Line includes several remnants of earlier plans. The line was built as four tracks south to City Hall, where the local tracks were to terminate on the upper level, and the express tracks were to use the lower level, curving through Vesey Street into Church Street. However, the final plan had the express tracks splitting at Canal Street and passing under the northbound local track to the Manhattan Bridge. The tracks via Canal Street and the Manhattan Bridge were not intended to be connected to the Broadway Line. Instead, they were supposed to be a crosstown line continuing further west. The tracks were connected to the Broadway Line as it allowed through operation between the Broadway Line and the Fourth Avenue Line in Brooklyn to go into operation more than a year earlier than would otherwise have been possible.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> From the Canal Street Bridge station, it is possible to see where the line would have continued further west to a terminal near the Hudson River. At the Canal Street local station, the express tracks terminate part of the way into the station, more evidence of the change of plans. The tunnel south of City Hall was rebuilt to bring the upper local tracks down to the lower level north of Vesey Street, and the lower level at City Hall was never used for passenger service. The lower level is currently used for train storage.<ref name="Senate" /><ref>Joseph Brennan, Abandoned Stations: City Hall (BMT) lower level Template:Webarchive, accessed March 21, 2007</ref><ref name="Cudahy 1995" /><ref name="www.nycsubway.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Unused construction is also present near the west end of the Queensboro Bridge. The original plan there was to build two one-track tunnels under 59th and 60th Streets east of Fifth Avenue, rising onto the bridge to Queens.<ref name="n124743448">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web
}}</ref> On July 28, 1915, the New York Public Service Commission approved a change of plans requested by the New York City Board of Estimate to place both tracks under 60th Street and cross the East River in the 60th Street Tunnel,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> because of concern whether or not the bridge could handle the weight of all-steel subway trains. A piece of the 59th Street tunnel had already been built, concurrent with the construction of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, and became a walkway connecting the two side platforms of the IRT's 59th Street station.<ref name="Cudahy 1995" /><ref>Joseph Brennan, Abandoned Stations: Lexington Ave (BMT) unfinished platforms Template:Webarchive, accessed March 21, 2007</ref>
.jpg){kind=link}
North of 57th Street, provisions were built to extend the four tracks northwest through Central Park and under Eighth Avenue through the Upper West Side to Inwood, along the route later built as the IND Eighth Avenue Line. The provision existed for many years and would have allowed for a grade-separated junction, allowing Broadway service via 59th Street and Eighth Avenue to coexist.<ref name="Assembly 1918">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The provisions from two express tracks were connected to the BMT 63rd Street Line in 1989. The provisions from the two local tracks remain unused.<ref name="Senate" /><ref>Transit Commission, New Subways: Proposed Additions to Rapid Transit System Template:Webarchive, 1922</ref>
South of the Whitehall Street station, provisions were built to allow for two tunnels to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn.<ref name="Assembly 1918" />Template:Rp
HistoryEdit
PlanningEdit
New York City's first subway line, operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), ran along Broadway in Lower Manhattan and Upper Manhattan, but it detoured away from Broadway between New York City Hall and Times Square.<ref name="Walker 1918">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp John B. McDonald, the contractor who built the first subway line, had considered constructing a subway line under part of the remaining portion of Broadway as early as April 1902. The line would have run between Union Square and Times Square, merging with the IRT's subway line north of Times Square.<ref name="n123887493">Template:Cite news</ref> In July 1902, McDonald and the IRT's president August Belmont Jr. unsuccessfully proposed a line under Broadway between Union Square and Times Square for $100,000.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Brooklyn Daily Eagle reported that, if the New York City government had accepted Belmont and McDonald's proposal, the government could lose $150,000 in annual income from the streetcar companies that used Broadway.<ref name="n123888072">Template:Cite news</ref>
The New York Public Service Commission adopted plans for what was known as the Broadway–Lexington Avenue route on December 31, 1907. This route began at the Battery and ran under Greenwich Street, Vesey Street, Broadway to Ninth Street, private property to Irving Place, and Irving Place and Lexington Avenue to the Harlem River. After crossing under the Harlem River into the Bronx, the route split at Park Avenue and 138th Street, with one branch continuing north to and along Jerome Avenue to Woodlawn Cemetery, and the other heading east and northeast along 138th Street, Southern Boulevard, and Westchester Avenue to Pelham Bay Park. In early 1908, the Tri-borough plan was formed, combining this route, the under-construction Centre Street Loop Subway in Manhattan and Fourth Avenue Subway in Brooklyn, a Canal Street subway from the Fourth Avenue Subway via the Manhattan Bridge to the Hudson River, and several other lines in Brooklyn.<ref>James Blaine Walker, Fifty Years of Rapid Transit, 1864–1917 Template:Webarchive, published 1918, pp. 207-223</ref><ref>Engineering News, A New Subway Line for New York City Template:Webarchive, Volume 63, No. 10, March 10, 1910</ref> A list of stations on the Broadway–Lexington Avenue line were announced in 1909. The plans tentatively called for a super-express service with stops at Warren or Murray Street and at Canal Street in Lower Manhattan, running non-stop to 86th Street and 125th Street in Upper Manhattan.<ref name=nyt-1909-07-21>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=p572268569>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) submitted a proposal to the Commission, dated March 2, 1911, to operate the Tri-borough system (but under Church Street instead of Greenwich Street), as well as a branch along Broadway, Seventh Avenue, and 59th Street from Ninth Street north and east to the Queensboro Bridge; the Canal Street subway was to merge with the Broadway Line instead of continuing to the Hudson River.<ref name="p574742724">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-1911-03-03">Template:Cite news</ref> The IRT initially opposed the BRT's plans to operate a subway line under Broadway in Manhattan, as the IRT wanted to operate the line itself, but the BRT persisted.<ref name="nyt-1911-04-15">Template:Cite news</ref> In May 1911, the IRT proposed constructing a two-track line extending from Lafayette Avenue in Brooklyn, which would cross the East River into Manhattan and travel west under 14th Street, north under Broadway, and east under 59th Street to the Queensboro Bridge.<ref name="p574764906">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-1911-05-10">Template:Cite news</ref> The BRT refused to accept this offer.<ref name="nyt-1911-05-18">Template:Cite news</ref> The city, the BRT, and the IRT reached an agreement and sent a report to the New York City Board of Estimate on June 5, 1911. The line along Broadway to 59th Street was assigned to the BRT, while the IRT obtained the Lexington Avenue line, connecting with its existing route at Grand Central–42nd Street.<ref name="p574777243">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-1911-06-06">Template:Cite news</ref> The New York City Board of Estimate approved the report on June 21.<ref name="p574773115">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-1911-06-22">Template:Cite news</ref> The Public Service Commission approved a proposal in March 1912 to connect the line with the proposed Montague Street Tunnel at its southern end.<ref name="n124769814">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Dual Contracts, two operating contracts between the city and the BMT and IRT, were adopted on March 4, 1913.<ref>James Blaine Walker, Fifty Years of Rapid Transit, 1864–1917 Template:Webarchive, published 1918, pp. 224-241</ref>
Before construction started, the plans for the Broadway Line's stations in midtown were changed several times. Originally, there was going to be an express station at 47th Street, and there would have been local stations at 42nd and 57th Streets.<ref name="nyt-1913-07-06">Template:Cite news</ref> In December 1913, the plans were changed so that both 47th and 57th Streets were express stations, and the local stop at 42nd Street was relocated to 38th Street.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Opponents of the plan said it would cause large amounts of confusion, as Times Square was a "natural" transfer point.<ref name="nyt-1913-12-03">Template:Cite news</ref> In February 1914, the PSC ordered the BRT to make the Broadway Line's 42nd Street station an express station.<ref name="nyt-1914-02-06">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n118506930">Template:Cite news</ref> In addition, 57th Street became an express station, while there was to be a local station at 49th Street.<ref name="Senate" /> The change was made at the insistence of Brooklynites who wanted an express station in the Theater District of Manhattan.<ref name="nyt-1914-02-08">Template:Cite news</ref>
ConstructionEdit
Work south of 14th StreetEdit
The first part of the Broadway Line to be built was the section south of 14th Street, which was initially known as the Broadway–Lexington Avenue Line.<ref name="nyt-1912-07-28">Template:Cite news</ref> In January 1912, the Underpinning & Foundation Company received a $2.295 million contract to construct section 3 of the line, from Howard Street to Houston Street, which included the Prince Street station.<ref name="nyt-1912-01-13">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n124739978">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The same month, the Degnon Construction Company submitted a low bid for the construction of section 2 of the Broadway–Lexington Avenue Line, from Park Place to Walker Street (two blocks south of Howard Street), for $2.356 million; this segment included the City Hall station.<ref name="n124740726">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Canal Street station was to be built as part of section 2A, between Walker and Howard Streets, which was placed for bid in March 1912. The O'Rourke Engineering Construction Company submitted a low bid of about $910,000 for section 2A.<ref name="n124769699">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nyt-1912-03-23">Template:Cite news</ref>
In September 1912, F. L. Cranford received about $2 million in construction contracts for sections 1 and 1A in Lower Manhattan. By then, the Public Service Commission had decided to divide the Broadway–Lexington Avenue Line between the BRT and the IRT; as such, the commission canceled plans for sections 5 and 6 of the Broadway–Lexington Avenue Line, which paralleled the existing IRT line.<ref name="n124742848">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During construction, workers discovered the remnants of a tunnel for the Beach Pneumatic Transit near City Hall,<ref name="nyt-1912-07-28" /> as well as the remains of a 17th-century colonial prison near Dey Street.<ref name="n124741832">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In May 1913, the Public Service Commission began receiving bids for section 4 of the Broadway–Lexington Avenue Line, between Houston Street and Union Square, which was to include the Eighth Street and 14th Street stations. This was the first construction contract to be placed for bidding after the Dual Contracts had been signed.<ref name="nyt-1913-05-24">Template:Cite news</ref> The Dock Contractor Company submitted a low bid of $2.578 million,<ref name="nyt-1913-06-25">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n1238205672">Template:Cite news</ref> but local civic group Broadway Association and various property owners objected to the fact that Dock Contractor was to receive the contract, citing the firm's lack of experience.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Public Service Commission approved Dock Contractor's bid despite these objections,<ref name="nyt-1913-07-16">Template:Cite news</ref> and the contract was awarded later that month.<ref name="n123821247">Template:Cite news</ref> By the end of the year, work on the tunnel south of 14th Street was running ahead of schedule. Section 3 was 78 percent complete, while section 4 was 71 percent complete.<ref name="nyt-1913-11-30">Template:Cite news</ref> These sections were more than 80 percent complete by March 1914; work on the City Hall station was so far advanced that contractors had begun installing subway entrances.<ref name="nyt-1914-03-15">Template:Cite news</ref>
Canal Street spurEdit
By February 1914, the Public Service Commission was soliciting bids for a tunnel extending east under Canal Street to the Manhattan Bridge. Due to the swampy character of the area (which used to contain a drainage canal from Collect Pond), the commission considered building the line using either the cut-and-cover method or using deep-bore tunneling.<ref name="n124742461">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Underpinning and Foundation Company submitted a low bid of $1.822 million for a cut-and-cover tunnel.<ref name="nyt-1914-05-17">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n124768566">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Canal Street tunnel was originally supposed to be a separate line passing under the Broadway Line station and extend further westward.<ref name="n124768566" /><ref name="nyt-1912-05-14">Template:Cite news</ref> At the time, the Public Service Commission did not plan to build a track connection between the Canal Street and Broadway lines, saying that such a connection would cause severe train congestion. The BRT wanted to connect the lines, citing the fact that it would be difficult for passengers to transfer at the Canal Street station or to reroute trains in case of emergency.<ref name="nyt-1912-05-14"/> East of Centre Street, the Canal Street line had four tracks, although the southern two tracks turned south onto the Centre Street Loop.<ref name="n124769443">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Work on the Canal Street line proceeded slowly,<ref name="nyt-1914-11-30">Template:Cite news</ref> in part because of the high water table of the area, which required the contractor to pump out millions of gallons of groundwater every day.<ref name="n124768566" /><ref name="n124770117">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Plans for the Canal Street line west of Broadway were abandoned midway during construction, and the Canal Street line was connected to the Broadway Line instead.<ref name="n124768566" /> The Canal Street spur was less than half completed by January 1916 and was not planned to be opened for another fourteen months.<ref name="nyt-1916-01-23" /> By then, the sections of the mainline Broadway Line south of 26th Street were between 88 and 99.7 percent finished.<ref name="nyt-1916-01-23">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p575591960">Template:Cite news</ref> Real-estate figures wanted the completion of the Canal Street spur to be expedited so the Broadway Line could be opened,<ref name="p98026139">Template:Cite news</ref> and they claimed that the city's failure to open the Broadway Line would result in a loss of profit for the BRT.<ref name="p575591960" /><ref name="n124250479" />
Work north of 14th StreetEdit
The route north of 14th Street was originally considered a separate line, the Broadway Line, which tied into the Broadway–Lexington Avenue Line south of 14th Street.<ref name="nyt-1912-07-28" /> The Public Service Commission began soliciting bids for section 1 of the Broadway Line from 16th to 26th Streets, which included the 23rd Street station, in July 1913.<ref name="p129344051">Template:Cite news</ref> This segment was awarded to the E. E. Smith Construction Company that September.<ref name="nyt-1913-09-07">Template:Cite news</ref> By early 1914, contracts had been let for all segments from Whitehall Street to 26th Street.<ref name="nyt-1914-05-11">Template:Cite news</ref> The Public Service Commission approved plans for the segment between 26th and 38th Streets, including the 28th Street and 34th Street stations, in April 1914.<ref name="nyt-1914-04-01">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n124743448" /> The contract for that section went to the second-lowest bidder, the United States Realty and Construction Company, as the lowest bidder was too inexperienced.<ref name="nyt-1914-05-23">Template:Cite news</ref> U.S. Realty began constructing the tunnel between 26th and 38th Streets in August 1914.<ref name="n124743583">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
By the end of 1914, contracts had been awarded for all sections south of 38th Street,<ref name="nyt-1914-11-30" /><ref name="n124743583" /> but the section north of 38th Street was delayed due to disputes over the layout and placement of the 42nd Street station.<ref name="nyt-1914-11-30" /> In particular, the Public Service Commission was supposed to have awarded a contract for the portion between the intersection of 38th Street and Broadway, and the intersection of 59th Street and Seventh Avenue.<ref name="nyt-1914-11-30" /> No contract for this section of the line had been awarded by early 1915 because plans for the line north of 59th Street were in dispute.<ref name="n124250479">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The section between 38th Street and 51st Street, known as section 3,<ref name="n124767390">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="n124768306">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was not put to bid until July 1915.<ref name="n124768306" /><ref name="n124748598">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This section was to include the Times Square–42nd Street and 49th Street stations.<ref name="n124768382">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Holbrook, Cabot & Rollins Inc. submitted a low bid of $3.741 million for that section of the line.<ref name="n124767390" /><ref name="n124768382" />
CompletionEdit
The Broadway Line was originally supposed to open at the beginning of 1917. However, the line's opening had to be postponed by mid-1915, as none of the connections to other subway lines were close to finished.<ref name="nyt-1915-08-04">Template:Cite news</ref> The Broadway Line south of 14th Street was substantially complete by February 1916.<ref name="n123826832">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-1916-02-23">Template:Cite news</ref> The same month, the Public Service Commission began accepting bids for the installation of finishes at seven stations on the Broadway Line from Rector Street to 14th Street,<ref name="n123826832" /><ref name="nyt-1916-02-23" /> and D. C. Gerber submitted a $346,000 low bid for the finishes.<ref name="n1238272112">Template:Cite news</ref> At the time, work on the section of the line north of 14th Street had not advanced as far as the section to the south, and the BRT blamed the city government for delays in opening the line.<ref name="nyt-1916-07-27">Template:Cite news</ref> By that October, stations between Morris Street (in Lower Manhattan) and 14th Street were 35 percent completed.<ref name="nyt-1916-10-29">Template:Cite news</ref> A. W. King was hired to install finishes in the 34th Street and Times Square stations in July 1917.<ref name=nyt-1917-07-20>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Public Service Commission indicated in February 1917 that it was prepared to force the BRT to open the section of the line between Canal Street and 14th Street, even though the BRT wished to wait until the Times Square station was completed.<ref name="nyt-1917-02-25">Template:Cite news</ref> That year, the IRT and BRT reached an agreement in which the Broadway Line would receive power from the IRT Powerhouse.<ref name="nyt-1917-05-20">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p574445868">Template:Cite magazine</ref> At the end of August 1917, the BRT's parent company, the New York Consolidated Railroad Company, applied to the Public Service Commission for permission to open the line from Canal Street to 14th Street.<ref name="p129625875">Template:Cite news</ref> The opening of the line was expected to reduce congestion at Chambers Street, where many BRT passengers had previously transferred to the IRT and paid an extra fare to go uptown.<ref name="p575741058">Template:Cite news</ref>
OpeningEdit
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A short portion of the line, coming off the north side of the Manhattan Bridge through Canal Street to 14th Street–Union Square, opened on September 4, 1917, at 2 P.M., with an eight car train carrying members of the Public Service Commission, representatives of the city government and officials of the BRT, leaving Union Square toward Coney Island. Service opened to the general public at 8 P.M., with trains leaving Union Square and Coney Island simultaneously.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt19170905">Template:Cite news</ref> The line was served by two services. One route ran via the Fourth Avenue Line and the Sea Beach Line to Coney Island;<ref name="The New York Times 1917" /> this service was rerouted from its previous terminus at Chambers Street.<ref name="p575755715">Template:Cite news</ref> The other line ran to Ninth Avenue, where passengers could transfer for West End and Culver Line service.<ref name="The New York Times 1917" /> The initial headway on the line was three minutes during rush hours, three minutes and forty-five seconds at other times, except during late nights when service ran every fifteen minutes.<ref name="The New York Times 1917">Template:Cite news</ref> The opening of the Broadway Line's first segment caused real-estate prices to increase in parts of Brooklyn which had direct subway access to the new line.<ref name="nyt-1917-10-28">Template:Cite news</ref>
On January 5, 1918, the line was extended north to Times Square–42nd Street and south to Rector Street. Express service via the line began, with Sea Beach and West End trains that had been running local becoming expresses. The opening of this portion of the line provided additional transit service to Times Square, with a new connection to Brooklyn. Local service henceforth ran between Times Square and Rector Street.<ref name="The New York Times 1918">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=p575840136>Template:Cite news</ref> While local trains terminated at the Times Square station, express trains from Brooklyn continued to terminate at Union Square until the northward extension to 57th Street was completed.<ref name="p576110371">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the beginning of September 1918, trains on the line were lengthened from four to five cars.<ref name="nyt-1918-09-02">Template:Cite news</ref> Service was extended one station to Whitehall Street–South Ferry on September 20, 1918.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="New York State Public Service Commission 1920">Template:Cite book</ref>
The line was extended two stops northward to 57th Street on July 10, 1919.<ref name="New York State Public Service Commission 1920" /><ref name="The New York Times 1919" /> Express service between Times Square and Union Square was inaugurated on this date. Previously, express service terminated at Union Square, with local service terminating at Times Square. Express service then began to terminate at Times Square, with local service terminating at the new 57th Street station. Express service between Manhattan and Pacific Street began to run at all times except late nights.<ref name="The New York Times 1919">Template:Cite news</ref> The line was extended to Lexington Avenue/59th Street on September 1, 1919.<ref name="New York State Public Service Commission 1920" /><ref name="The New York Times 1919 2">Template:Cite news</ref>
On August 1, 1920, the Broadway Line was extended on either end, with the opening of two tunnels under the East River. On the north end the line was extended through the 60th Street Tunnel to Queensboro Plaza, and on the south end the line was extended through the Montague Street Tunnel to DeKalb Avenue with service via the BMT Brighton Line. With these extensions, the Broadway Line was completed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Station modificationsEdit
Platforms at stations on the Broadway Line originally could only fit six Template:Convert cars. The State Transit Commission first directed the BMT to lengthen platforms at these stations in September 1923, but the BMT declined to do so, citing workforce shortages.<ref name="p1113704092">Template:Cite news</ref> In 1926, the New York City Board of Transportation (BOT) received bids for the lengthening of platforms at nine stations on the Broadway Line, from Whitehall Street to 23rd Street, to accommodate eight-car trains. Edwards & Flood submitted a low bid of $101,750 for the project.<ref name="nyt-1926-07-08">Template:Cite news</ref> The platform-lengthening project was completed in 1927, bringing the length of these stations' platforms to Template:Convert.<ref name="nyt-1927-08-02">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p1113704092" />
In the 1960s, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) started a project to lengthen station platforms on the Broadway Line to Template:Convert to accommodate 10-car trains.<ref name="New York City Transit Authority 1959">Template:Cite book</ref> All stations on the Broadway Line had their platforms lengthened during this time.<ref name="Rogoff 1969">Template:Cite journal</ref> The NYCTA also covered elaborate mosaic tile walls with Template:Convert white cinderblock tiles at 16 local stations on the Broadway and Fourth Avenue lines. The latter project was criticized for being dehumanizing.<ref name="nyt-1970-02-21">Template:Cite news</ref> An NYCTA spokesman stated that the old tiles were in poor condition and that the change was made to improve the appearance of stations and provide uniformity. Furthermore, it did not consider the old mosaics to have "any great artistic merit".<ref name="nyt-1970-02-21" />
Chrystie Street Connection reconfigurationEdit
The Chrystie Street Connection was built during the 1960s. The new connection consisted of a pair of double-track tunnels connecting the IND Sixth Avenue Line south of the Broadway–Lafayette Street station with the Williamsburg Bridge and the Manhattan Bridge north tracks. The Broadway Line had previously been connected to the north tracks of the Manhattan Bridge. As part of the project, the Broadway Line was connected to the south tracks, which had been previously used by trains from the BMT Nassau Street Line. The connection between the south tracks and the Nassau Street Line was severed, and the connection between the Broadway Line and the north tracks was also severed. Many routes, including those on the Broadway Line, changed as a result of the opening of the connection on November 26, 1967.<ref name="NYTimes-ChrystieSt-Bewilder-1967">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The RR local was rerouted to Astoria, running 24/7 between Ditmars Boulevard and Bay Ridge–95th Street. To replace it in Queens, a new EE local was created, running between Forest Hills and Whitehall Street during weekdays. The Q, which was the only service via the Brighton Line, was converted to the rush-hour only QB, running express in Manhattan from 57th Street. Most of the trips were moved to the IND Sixth Avenue Line as a relocated D, but a few trips stayed as the QB. QT service was discontinued. Another rush-hours only express service, the NX, was created. It ran from 57th Street to Brighton Beach, following the N route, making express stops along the BMT Sea Beach Line, before going through Coney Island to terminate at Brighton Beach. NX service ended on April 12, 1968 due to low ridership.<ref name="Cudahy 1995">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
At most times, the Broadway Line has had four services — two local and two express — during the day, with a third express service until the 1967 opening of the Chrystie Street Connection.
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}} (BMT Brighton Line) local trains ran until 1967, when the {{ #if: | QT | QT }}{{
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}} was discontinued. At that time, the EE was introduced, becoming part of the {{ #if: | N | N }}{{
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}} in 1976; the N became express and the {{ #if: | W | W }}{{
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}} became local in 2004.
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}} (BMT Brighton Line) express trains were mostly moved to the IND Sixth Avenue Line as a relocated {{ #if: | D | D }}{{
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}} in 1967, but a few trips stayed as the {{ #if: | QB | QB }}{{
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}}, later the {{ #if: | Q | Q }}{{
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}} again. During the Manhattan Bridge reconstruction, from the 1980s until 2001, the Q mostly used the IND Sixth Avenue Line. When restored in 2001, the {{ #if: | Q | Q }}{{
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}} became full-time, replacing the {{ #if: | D | D }}{{
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}} on the Brighton Line.
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}} (BMT Fourth Avenue Line) trains (later {{ #if: | R | R }}{{
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}}) have run local over the Broadway Line since 1920.
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}} (BMT West End Line) trains ran express on the Broadway Line until 1967, when the T became part of the realigned {{ #if: | B | B }}{{
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}} via the IND Sixth Avenue Line.
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}} (BMT Sea Beach Line) trains used the express tracks until the Manhattan Bridge reconstruction in the 1980s, when all N trips became local. (Some had run local since the EE was merged into the N in 1976.) When the Manhattan Bridge south tracks reopened in 2001, the {{ #if: | W | W }}{{
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}} was introduced, at first running express; it became local in 2004, and the N moved back to the express tracks.
Several other services have used the express tracks, including the {{ #if: | NX | NX }}{{
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}} (Brighton) during closures of the Manhattan Bridge north tracks in the 1980s and 1990s.
On May 6, 1985, double letters were eliminated, and the QB was relabeled the Q, and the RR was relabeled the R.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Manhattan Bridge reconstruction: 1986–2001Edit
On April 26, 1986, the north side tracks on the Manhattan Bridge leading to the IND Sixth Avenue Line were closed for rehabilitation, and services that had used the north side were moved to the south side, running via the BMT Broadway Line. Because of the large amount of train traffic now running on the bridge's south side tracks, rush hour and midday N service stopped using the bridge, and began running via the Montague Street Tunnel and Lower Manhattan making local stops. However, evening, night and weekend trains continued to use the bridge and express tracks, terminating at 57th Street–Seventh Avenue. B and D services were split. Their service from the Bronx and Upper Manhattan continued to run via the Sixth Avenue Line, terminating at 34th Street. Their service to Brooklyn, however, was rerouted via the Broadway Line express tracks. D service terminated at 57th Street, while B service terminated at Astoria-Ditmars Boulevard during rush hours, and at Queensboro Plaza during middays, evenings, and weekends.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Between April 26, 1986 and May 24, 1987, the N ran express via the Bridge to 57th Street during evenings, nights, and weekends. Afterwards, N service began running local via the Broadway Line during evenings, nights, and weekends, but they still operated over the Manhattan Bridge. On May 24, 1987, when the N and R swapped routes in Queens, there were additional changes in Broadway service. Evening and weekend B service stopped switching to the local track north of 34th Street to serve the Astoria Line. Instead, it skipped 49th Street and terminated at 57th Street.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="1990Changes">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
When the north side of the Manhattan Bridge reopened on December 11, 1988, the south side of the bridge was closed. B, D, and Q trains were rerouted from the Broadway Line to the Sixth Avenue Line using the north side of the bridge. The N began running local in Manhattan and via the Montague Tunnel at all times. In order to replace B service to Ditmars Boulevard, additional N service was provided during rush hours.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On September 30, 1990, express service on the Broadway Line was restored when repair work on the Manhattan Bridge was temporarily suspended. The N then began making express stops from 34th Street to Canal Street at all times except late nights. R service between Manhattan and Brooklyn was increased during rush hours. During late nights, R trains no longer ran via the Broadway Line; instead, they operated as a shuttle in Brooklyn, terminating at 36th Street.<ref name="1990Changes" /><ref name="History">Template:Cite journal</ref> The brief Broadway service via the Manhattan Bridge was stopped on December 27 because of a cracked beam on the bridge.<ref name="NYT-Hevesi">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NYT-SimsJan8">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
From April 30, 1995 to November 12, 1995, the Manhattan Bridge services were supposed to go back to the 1986–1988 service pattern with only the south side Broadway Line tracks in service. However, the Broadway side was not yet ready. As a result, during middays and weekends, the north side of the bridge was also closed. As a result, Q trains began serving the Broadway Line again. They ran via the Montague Street Tunnel, before switching to the express tracks after Canal Street. This service continued past 57th Street via the BMT 63rd Street Line to 21st Street–Queensbridge, being the first scheduled service to use this connection.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On February 22, 1998, construction on the IND 63rd Street Line cut B and Q service to 57th Street–Sixth Avenue. Service on the 63rd Street Line was replaced by a shuttle running from the BMT Broadway Line. Trains originally operated from 57th Street–Seventh Avenue to 21st Street–Queensbridge, with 20-minute headways. On April 6, 1998, because the service did not terminate at an ADA-accessible station, the shuttle was extended to 34th Street–Herald Square on weekdays, skipping 49th Street via the express tracks. Normal service resumed on May 22, 1999.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2001–presentEdit
The current set of four services — N, Q, R, and W — started using the line on July 22, 2001, when the south tracks on the Manhattan Bridge reopened and the Broadway B and D services were discontinued. At this time, the north-side tracks were closed.<ref name=p305613525->Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=nyt-2001-07-23>Template:Cite news</ref> Originally, the N ran local via the Montague Street Tunnel and the BMT Sea Beach Line, and the W ran express via the Manhattan Bridge and the BMT West End Line. On February 22, 2004, when the north tracks reopened, the N became express via the Manhattan Bridge and the W was short-turned at Whitehall Street, its Brooklyn section being replaced by the D.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On June 25, 2010, because of a budget shortfall, service on the Broadway Line was reduced. The W train was discontinued and was replaced by N and Q service in Manhattan and Queens, respectively. The N train, which replaced the W, began running local north of Canal Street at all times, and the Q train was extended to/from Astoria, Queens via the 60th Street Tunnel in place of the W on weekdays, stopping on the local tracks starting at Times Square–42nd Street.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In December 2014, the Q began running local on the line between Canal Street and 57th Street–Seventh Avenue during late nights, to supplement late-night N service.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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In early 2016, as part of the upcoming opening of the Second Avenue Subway's first phase, the MTA announced that the W service would resume operations.<ref name="TWC News">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="mta.info">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On November 5, 2016, late-night R service was extended to Whitehall Street in order to reduce the need to transfer and provide a direct link to Manhattan. Two days later, W trains were reintroduced, running local on weekdays between Ditmars Boulevard and Whitehall Street. The N train once again became a weekday express in Manhattan between 34th Street–Herald Square and Canal Street.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Q trains terminated at 57th Street–Seventh Avenue at all times<ref name="TWC News" /><ref name="mta.info" /> until the first phase of the Second Avenue Subway opened on January 1, 2017, at which point the Q was extended along the Second Avenue Subway north of 57th Street.<ref>* Template:Cite news
In 2024, as part of a program to upgrade the signaling of the New York City Subway, the MTA proposed installing communications-based train control (CBTC) on the Broadway Line and Manhattan Bridge spur as part of its 2025–2029 Capital Program.<ref name="Andres2024">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Burkett2024">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
