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Balinese people

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Template:Short description Template:Main other {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate | bodyclass = vcard

| titleclass = fn org | title = {{#if:Balinese people|Balinese people|Template:PAGENAMEBASE}}

| aboveclass = nickname | abovestyle = font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;

| above = {{#if:{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Ânak Bali)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Wång Bali)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Krâma Bali) |

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Ânak Bali)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Wång Bali)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Krâma Bali)

}}

| image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |upright=|image=|alt=|border={{#ifeq:no|||yes}}}} | caption1 =

| image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |upright=|alt=|image={{#if:|{{{rawimage}}}|File:Bali Hindu Wedding Traditional Dress.jpg }} }} | caption2 = Balinese couple during their wedding with their friends

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| header1 = {{#if:3,946,416 (2010 census)<ref name="BPS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> |Total population}}

| data2 = 3,946,416 (2010 census)<ref name="BPS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> {{#if:|(Template:Comma separated entries)}} {{#if: | (including those of ancestral descent)}} | label3 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data3 = | label4 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data4 = | label5 = {{#switch: |census = (census) |estimate|est = (est.) }} | data5 =

| header6 = {{#if:Template:Flagcountry |Regions with significant populations}} | data7 = | header8 = | data9 =

| label11 = Template:Flagcountry | data11 = 3,946,416<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | label12 = Template:NbspTemplate:Flag | data12 = 3,336,065 | label13 = Template:NbspTemplate:Flag | data13 = 119,407 | label14 = Template:NbspTemplate:Flag | data14 = 115,812 | label15 = Template:NbspTemplate:Flag | data15 = 104,810 | label16 = Template:NbspTemplate:Flag | data16 = 49,411 | label17 = Template:NbspTemplate:Flag | data17 = 38,552 | label18 = Template:NbspTemplate:Flag | data18 = 27,330 | label19 = | data19 = | label20 = | data20 = | label21 = | data21 = | label22 = | data22 = | label23 = | data23 = | label24 = | data24 = | label25 = | data25 = | label26 = | data26 = | label27 = | data27 = | label28 = | data28 = | label29 = | data29 = | label30 = | data30 = | label31 = | data31 = | label32 = | data32 = | label33 = | data33 = | label34 = | data34 = | label35 = | data35 = | label36 = | data36 = | label37 = | data37 = | label38 = | data38 = | label39 = | data39 = | label40 = | data40 = | label41 = | data41 = | label42 = | data42 = | label43 = | data43 = | label44 = | data44 = | label45 = | data45 = | label46 = | data46 = | label47 = | data47 = | label48 = | data48 = | label49 = | data49 = | label50 = | data50 = | label51 = | data51 = | label52 = | data52 = | label53 = | data53 = | label54 = | data54 = | label55 = | data55 = | label56 = | data56 = | label57 = | data57 = | label58 = | data58 = | label59 = | data59 = | label60 = | data60 = | header61 = {{#if:Native:
Balinese
Dialect:
Template:Hlist<ref name=":0" />
Also:
Indonesian
Others:
English, Dutch (historical)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> |Languages}} | data62 = Native:
Balinese
Dialect:
Template:Hlist<ref name=":0" />
Also:
Indonesian
Others:
English, Dutch (historical)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> | header63 = {{#if:Majority
File:Bali Omkara Red.png Hinduism (95.22%)
Minorities
File:Star and Crescent.svg Islam (3.24%)Template:•File:Christian cross.svg Christianity (1.26%)Template:•File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg Buddhism (0.26%)Template:•Other (0.02%)<ref name=2010census>Template:Cite book</ref> |Religion}} | data64 = Majority
File:Bali Omkara Red.png Hinduism (95.22%)
Minorities
File:Star and Crescent.svg Islam (3.24%)Template:•File:Christian cross.svg Christianity (1.26%)Template:•File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg Buddhism (0.26%)Template:•Other (0.02%)<ref name=2010census>Template:Cite book</ref> | header65 = {{#if:Bali Aga, Template:Ill, Javanese, Sundanese, Sasak, Betawi and other Austronesian peoples |Related ethnic groups}} | data66 = {{#if:Bali Aga, Template:Ill, Javanese, Sundanese, Sasak, Betawi and other Austronesian peoples |Bali Aga, Template:Ill, Javanese, Sundanese, Sasak, Betawi and other Austronesian peoples Template:Main other }}

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}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox ethnic group with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | caption | flag |flag_alt | flag_border | flag_caption | flag_upright | footnotes | genealogy | group | image |image_alt | image_caption | image_upright | langs | languages | native_name | native_name_lang | pop | pop_embed | pop1 | pop10 | pop11 | pop12 | pop13 | pop14 | pop15 | pop16 | pop17 | pop18 | pop19 | pop2 | pop20 | pop21 | pop22 | pop23 | pop24 | pop25 | pop26 | pop27 | pop28 | pop29 | pop3 | pop30 | pop31 | pop32 | pop33 | pop34 | pop35 | pop36 | pop37 | pop38 | pop39 | pop4 | pop40 | pop41 | pop42 | pop43 | pop44 | pop45 | pop46 | pop47 | pop48 | pop49 | pop5 | pop50 | pop6 | pop7 | pop8 | pop9 | popplace | population | rawimage | ref1 | ref10 | ref11 | ref12 | ref13 | ref14 | ref15 | ref16 | ref17 | ref18 | ref19 | ref2 | ref20 | ref21 | ref22 | ref23 | ref24 | ref25 | ref26 | ref27 | ref28 | ref29 | ref3 | ref30 | ref31 | ref32 | ref33 | ref34 | ref35 | ref36 | ref37 | ref38 | ref39 | ref4 | ref40 | ref41 | ref42 | ref43 | ref44 | ref45 | ref46 | ref47 | ref48 | ref49 | ref5 | ref50 | ref6 | ref7 | ref8 | ref9 | region1 | region10 | region11 | region12 | region13 | region14 | region15 | region16 | region17 | region18 | region19 | region2 | region20 | region21 | region22 | region23 | region24 | region25 | region26 | region27 | region28 | region29 | region3 | region30 | region31 | region32 | region33 | region34 | region35 | region36 | region37 | region38 | region39 | region4 | region40 | region41 | region42 | region43 | region44 | region45 | region46 | region47 | region48 | region49 | region5 | region50 | region6 | region7 | region8 | region9 | regions | related | related_groups | related-c | religions | rels | tablehdr | total | total_ref | total_source | total_year | total1 | total1_ref | total1_source | total1_year | total2 | total2_ref | total2_source | total2_year | total3 | total3_ref | total3_source | total3_year }}Template:Main other The Balinese people (Template:Langx, Template:Langx) are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Bali. The Balinese population of 4.2 million (1.7% of Indonesia's population) live mostly on the island of Bali, making up 89% of the island's population.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> There are also significant populations on the island of Lombok and in the easternmost regions of Java (e.g. the regency of Banyuwangi). The Balinese are distinctive amongst Indonesian ethnic groups for their adherence to Balinese Hinduism rather than Sunni Islam. Template:Contains special characters

OriginsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}{{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} The Balinese originated from three periods of migration. The first waves of immigrants came from Java and Kalimantan in prehistoric times and were of Proto-Malay stock.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The second wave of Balinese came slowly over the years from Java during the Hindu period. The third and final wave came from Java, between the 15th and 16th centuries, about the same time as the conversion to Islam in Java, causing aristocrats and peasants to flee to Bali after the collapse of the Javanese Hindu Majapahit Empire to escape Mataram's Islamic conversion. This in turn reshaped the Balinese culture into a syncretic form of classical Javanese culture mixed with many Balinese elements.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

GeneticsEdit

A DNA study in 2005 by Karafet et al., found that 11% of Balinese Y-chromosomes are of likely Austroasiatic origin, while 84% are of likely Austronesian 1% of likely Indian origin and 2% of likely Melanesian origin.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> According to a recent genetic study, the Balinese, together with the Javanese and Sundanese, have a significant admixture of Austroasiatic and Austronesian ancestries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Bali – The People (2685069056).jpg
Balinese girl in her traditional attire during a traditional ceremony

CultureEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Balinese culture is a mix of Balinese Hindu-Buddhist religion and Balinese customs. It is perhaps most known for its dance, drama, and sculpture. The island is also known for its Wayang Kulit or Shadow play theatre. Even in rural and neglected villages, beautiful temples are a common sight; and so are skilful gamelan players and talented actors.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Even layered pieces of palm leaf and neat fruit arrangements made as offerings by Balinese women have an artistic side to them.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to Mexican art historian José Miguel Covarrubias, works of art made by amateur Balinese artists are regarded as a form of spiritual offering, and therefore these artists do not care about recognition of their works.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Balinese artists are also skilled in duplicating artworks such as carvings that resemble Chinese deities or decorating vehicles based on what is seen in foreign magazines.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The culture is noted for its use of the gamelan in music and various traditional events of Balinese society. Each type of music is designated for a specific type of event. For example, music for a piodalan (birthday celebration) is different from music used for a metatah (teeth grinding) ceremony, just as it is for weddings, Ngaben (cremation of the dead ceremony), Melasti (purification ritual), and so forth.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The diverse types of gamelan are also specified according to the different types of dance in Bali. According to Walter Spies, the art of dancing is an integral part of Balinese life as well as an endless critical element in a series of ceremonies or for personal interests.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Traditionally, displaying female breasts is not considered immodest. Balinese women can often be seen with bared chests; however, a display of the thigh is considered immodest. In modern Bali, these customs are normally not strictly observed, but visitors to Balinese temples are advised to cover their legs.

In the Balinese naming system, a person's rank of birth or caste is reflected in the name.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Balinese are generally patrilineal, but in the case where a family only has daughters, they can decide if a daughter is the confirmed heir (sentana rajeg). She will then have the same status as if she were a son. The marriage proposal will be carried in reverse; she will be considered the husband (meawak muani) and he the wife (meawak luh), and the children are considered to be part of their mother's family.<ref name="id2">Template:Cite journal</ref>

PuputanEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} A puputan is an act of mass suicide through frontal assaults in battle and was first noted by the Dutch during the colonization of Bali. The latest act of puputan was during the Indonesian War of Independence, with Lt. Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai as the leader in the Battle of Margarana. The airport in Bali is named after him in commemoration.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

ReligionEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}}

Religions Total
Balinese Hinduism 3,736,993
Islam 127,274
Christianity 49,385
Buddhism 10,378
Others 615
Overall 3,924,645

<ref>Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono. Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Singapore: ISEAS: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2015. p. 273.</ref>

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File:Balinese woman carrying offerings fruits on her head 01.jpg
Balinese woman carrying offerings fruits on her head.

The vast majority of the Balinese believe in Agama Tirta, the "holy-water religion". It is a part of Hinduism. Traveling Indian priests are said to have introduced the people to the sacred literature of Hinduism and Buddhism centuries ago. The people accepted it and combined it with their pre-Hindu mythologies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Balinese from before the third wave of immigration, known as the Bali Aga, are mostly not followers of Agama Tirta but retain their animist traditions.Template:Citation needed

Wet rice agriculture is a mainstay of Balinese food production. This system of agriculture is extremely water-intensive and requires a substantial network of irrigation to be effective as a subsistence strategy in Bali.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A system of irrigation networks (subak) exists to redistribute access to water in Bali. This network of both underground tunnels (weirs) and canals diverts water from natural water sources into the wet-rice cultivation fields utilized by Balinese farmers to grow their staple crops.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The system of cooperative water redistribution is tied to religious and cultural practices among the Balinese and represents an economic system based on mutual obligation, and managed by the personnel of the water temples (Pura Tirta). Religious officials from these water temples exert spiritual and cultural pressure on the participants in this system and ensure its continuation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> These water temples are largely located at the loci of the irrigation networks and manage the distribution of water from the mountainous water sources of the island to lowland areas where water is too scarce for the natural cultivation of rice.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Bali1981-019.jpg
Balinese people bring offerings to the temple

There is evidence this system developed as early as the 11th century CE and has been in continuous use since that time.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Genetic evidence indicates that this system spread along kinship lines as the original farming villagers of Bali spread from areas where wet-rice farming originated to less climatically favorable areas of the island.<ref name=":0" /> The cultural prestige of certain Pura Titra largely correlates to their position within the subak system, with temples located at major water sources having significant cultural influence. Royalty has associated themselves with major temples of this type, to link their prestige with that of the Pura Titra, and have taken part in the operations of water temples as a means of gaining influence in society.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

This system of physical infrastructure represents a durable network of belief that encourages its continuation by the people who participate and provides a levelling mechanism where people who would otherwise be incapable of participating in wet-rice agriculture to take part in the same subsistence activities as those who live in regions more naturally supportive of water-intensive crop growth.

FestivalsEdit

File:Bali 0720a.jpg
Balinese women preparing for a religious festival

Balinese people celebrate multiple festivals, including the Kuta Carnival, the Sanur Village Festival, and the Bali Kite Festival,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> where participants fly fish-, bird-, and leaf-shaped kites while an orchestra plays traditional music.

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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