Bank of Communications

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Bank of Communications (BOCOM or BankComm) is a Chinese multinational banking and financial services corporation. It was originally established in 1908 and was one of a handful of domestic Chinese banks that issued banknotes in modern history. Following the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949, the mainland operation of that bank were merged into the People's Bank of China and People's Construction Bank of China under the Communist single-tier banking system, while its continuation in Taiwan eventually became part of Mega International Commercial Bank.

In 1986, the Bank of Communications was revived in the mainland as a commercial credit institution. It was listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong in June 2005<ref>Bank of Communications to list in HK June 23, China Daily 2005-06-13. Retrieved 2018-06-03</ref> and the Shanghai Stock Exchange in May 2007.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Bank was ranked No. 151 among the Fortune Global 500 in terms of operating income and No. 11 among the global top 1,000 banks in terms of Tier 1 capital rated by the London-based magazine The Banker.<ref>Bank of Communications 2019 Annual Report</ref> In 2023, the company was ranked 53rd in the Forbes Global 2000.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

Before 1949Edit

In 1907, Liang Shiyi proposed the formation of a Bank of Communications to redeem the Beijing–Hankou Railway from its Belgian owners and place the railway under Chinese control.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Bank of Communications was formed in 1908 and provided more than half of the financing needed to buy the railway.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The successful redemption enhanced the prestige of Liang's Communications Clique.

The bank's name uses the word "communications" to refer to the linking of two points by a means of transportation.<ref name="oed">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In order to expand the business overseas, the Bank opened its first Hong Kong branch on 27 November 1934.

In late July 1942, it lost its note-issuance privilege simultaneously as the Bank of China and the Farmers Bank of China, whereas the Central Bank of China was granted the issuance monopoly in the territories still ruled by the Nationalist government.<ref name=MLi>Template:Citation</ref>Template:Rp

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Former building of the Deutsch-Asiatische Bank on the Bund, head office of the Bank of Communications from 1919 to the 1930s
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Bank of Communications Building, completed in 1948 on the same site, head office 1948-1949
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Former Bank of Communications building in Beijing
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Former branch building in Jinan
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Former branch building in Qingdao
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Former branch building in Nanjing
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Former branch building in Wuhan
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Former branch building in Chongqing

Continuation in TaiwanEdit

After the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, the Bank of Communications, like the Bank of China, was effectively split into two operations, with part of it relocating to Taiwan with the Kuomintang government. In Taiwan, the bank was also known as the Bank of Communications or Chiao Tung Bank (Template:Zh).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It eventually merged with the International Commercial Bank of China ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), the renamed Bank of China in Taiwan after its 1971 privatization, to become the Mega International Commercial Bank.

Re-establishment in the mainlandEdit

In the early years of the People's Republic, the bank's operations in the mainland were merged into the PBC and PCBC, while the Hong Kong branch continued to exist under the same name and was integrated in the so-called Bank of China Group. The State Council decided to re-establish the Bank of Communication as a mainland commercial bank in 1986.<ref name=statecouncil1986>Template:Cite press release</ref> The Bank was then restructured and re-commenced operations on 1 April 1987.Template:Citation needed Since then, its Head Office has been located in Shanghai.<ref name=statecouncil1986/>

Template:As of, 19.9% of the bank was owned by Hsbc holdings plc. An HSBC spokeswoman said HSBC and its affiliate, the Bank of Communications, would seek to acquire a brokerage to expand their operations in China. The plan was part of HSBC's broader China expansion strategy, but "there is nothing further to disclose at the present." HSBC's operations in China include its own banking operations, its stake in BoCom, and an 8% stake in the Bank of Shanghai. HSBC also holds a 19.9% shares in Ping An Insurance through its wholly-owned subsidiary HSBC Insurance Holdings. The South China Morning Post cited Peter Wong Tung-shun, executive director at The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, as saying that the acquisition is being considered in the light of the Chinese government's reforms of the country's securities brokerages. This includes a provision allowing foreign companies to get management control of brokerage firms. Wong did not provide a timetable for any acquisition or identify any acquisition target. The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corp is a wholly owned HSBC subsidiary.

On 22 July 2015, Bank of Communications sold $2.45 billion (about 14.93 billion yuan) of Basel III compliant bonds (convertible to preferred stock) "used to replenish the bank’s additional Tier 1 Capital." The bond is registered on the Hong Kong stock exchange and pays a coupon of 5 percent a year.

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Bank of Communications in Xi'an
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Bank of Communications in Zhengzhou
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Bank of Communications in Qingdao
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Bank of Communications Tower in Nanjing
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Bank of Communications Tower in Shenzhen
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Bank of Communications Tower in Hong Kong (left)
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A sub-branch of the Bank of Communications Hong Kong Branch

OperationsEdit

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The Bank of Communications is among the top 5 leading commercial banks in China and has an extensive network of over 2,800 branches covering over 80 major cities. Apart from Hong Kong, the Bank has also established overseas branches in New York, Tokyo, Singapore and representative offices in London and Frankfurt. As of end-2002, the Bank had over 88,000 employees and a total asset reaching RMB 5.15 trillion.

Bank of Communications currently possesses 236 domestic organs, including 30 provincial branches, seven directly managed branches, 199 sub-branches managed by the provincial branches, with 3,529 network organs in over 239 large- and medium-sized cities. In addition, it has established 21 overseas organs including branch banks in Hong Kong, New York, San Francisco, Tokyo, Singapore, Seoul, Frankfurt, Macau, Sydney, and Ho Chi Minh City, BOCOMUK in London, and a representative office in Taipei.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to the ranking announced by the British journal "The Banker" concerning 1,000 worldwide banks in 2011, Bank of Communications ranked 35th for its tier l capital, entering the world's top 50 banks for two consecutive years. Among the World's Top 500 Enterprises listed by Fortune in 2018, Bank of Communications ranked 168th., up by three as compared with 2017 and entering the World's Top 500 Enterprises for ten straight years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bank of Communications is one of the major financial service suppliers in China with its business scope covering commercial banking, securities, trust, financial leasing, fund management, insurance, offshore financial services, etc.

In November 2023, Bank of Communications joined the ranks of global systemically important banks (Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), China Construction Bank and Agricultural Bank of China), becoming the fifth on the too-big-to-fail list. Global systemically important banks (G-SIBs) are required to hold between 1% and 3.5% additional capital, depending on their rating. Bank of Communications' additional capital requirement is 1%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ShareholdersEdit

citation
Rank	Name	Number of shares	%	Footnotes
CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1	The Ministry of Finance, excluding subsidiaries	19,702,693,828	26.53	A + H shares, government entity
1.1	Shanghai Haiyan Investment Management	808,145,417	1.09	A shares, state-owned enterprise
1.2	Yunnan Hehe Group	745,305,404	1.00	A shares, state-owned enterprise
2	HSBC (and its subsidiaries)	14,147,386,095	19.05	H shares
3	National Social Security Fund	10,919,909,783	14.70	A + H shares, government entity
4	China Securities Finance	1,698,194,809	2.29	A shares, state-owned enterprise
5	Capital Airport Holding	1,246,591,087	1.68	A shares, state-owned enterprise
6	Wutongshu Investment Platform	794,557,920	1.07	A shares, state-owned enterprise
7	FAW Group	663,941,711	0.89	A shares, state-owned enterprise
	Total	50,726,726,054	68.3