Basmala
Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Italic title
The Template:Not a typo (Template:Langx; also known by its opening words Template:Transliteration; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "In the name of God") is the titular name of the Islamic phrase “In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful” (Template:Langx, Template:Transliteration).{{#invoke:IPA|main}} It is one of the most important phrases in Islam and frequently recited by Muslims before performing daily activities and religious practices, including prayer. The Basmalah should not be confused with the Tasmiyah (Template:Langx), which refers specifically to saying Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) alone. The Basmala is usually used at the start of the recitation of verses or surahs from the Qur'an, while the Tasmiyah is commonly used at the beginning of daily activities, such as eating, traveling, or slaughtering animals.
The Basmala is used in over half of the constitutions of countries where Islam is the state religion or more than half of the population follows Islam, usually the first phrase in the preamble, including those of Afghanistan,<ref name="afghanistanconstitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bahrain,<ref name="bahrainconstitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bangladesh,<ref name="bangladeshconstitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Brunei,<ref name="bruneiconstitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Egypt,<ref name="egyptconstitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Iran,<ref name="iranconstitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Iraq,<ref name="iraqconstitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kuwait,<ref name="kuwaitconstitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Libya,<ref name="libyaconstitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Maldives,<ref name="maldivesconstitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pakistan,<ref name="pakistanconstitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Saudi Arabia,<ref name="Saudiconstitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tunisia,<ref name="tunisiaconstitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the United Arab Emirates.<ref name="uaeconstitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the Quran, it is recited before each chapter (surah), except for the ninth chapter At-Tawbah.<ref name="Ninth sura" group="Notes">See, however, the discussion of the eighth and ninth suras at Al-Anfal (the eighth sura).</ref><ref name="Ali">Template:Cite book</ref> Scholarly debates regarding its inclusion in the Qur'anic text reached consensus with the 1924 Cairo Edition, where it was included as the first verse (āyah) of Al-Fatiha and remained an unnumbered line preceding each of the 112 other chapters.<ref>William A. Graham "Basmala" Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an, Vol. 1</ref>
Historically, the Islamic Basmala appears to be related to earlier variants of the phrase appearing in Arabian inscriptions dating back to the 5th and 6th centuries.<ref>Ahmad al-Jallad (2020). "The Linguistic Landscape of pre-Islamic Arabia: Context for the Qur’an", in Mustafa Shah & Muhammad Abdel Haleem (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Quranic Studies. Oxford University Press, p. 123. {{#invoke:doi|main}}.</ref>
NameEdit
The traditional name for the phrase in Classical Arabic was Tasmiyah. Other common phrases in Islam were also given their own names based on verb form 2 verbal nouns, including Tasbih.
The word basmala was derived from a slightly unusual procedure, in which the first four pronounced consonants of the phrase bismi-llāhi... were used to create a new quadriliteral root:<ref name="Written Language' 1965 p. 263">A New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language by J.A. Haywood and H.M. Nahmad (London: Lund Humphreys, 1965), Template:ISBN, p. 263.</ref> b-s-m-l ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). This quadriliteral root was used to derive the noun basmala and its related verb forms, meaning "to recite the basmala". The method of coining a quadriliteral name from the consonants of multiple words in a phrase is also used to create the name '"Hamdala" for Alhamdulillah, instead of the traditional name of Tahmid.<ref name="Written Language' 1965 p. 263"/> The same procedure is also used to create the term Hawqala.
Use and significanceEdit
According to Lane, Template:Transliteration has the more intensive meaning, taken to include as objects of "sympathy" both the believer and the unbeliever, and may therefore be rendered as "the Compassionate"; Template:Transliteration, on the other hand, is taken to include as objects the believer in particular, may be rendered as "the Merciful" (considered as expressive of a constant attribute).
In the Qur'an, the Basmala, is usually numbered as the first verse of the first sura, but, according to the view adopted by Al-Tabari, it precedes the first verse. Apart from the ninth sura ("At-Tawba"), Al-Qurtubi reported that the correct view is that the Basmala ignored at the beginning of At-Tawba because Gabriel did not refer to the Basmala in this surah. Another view says that Muhammad died before giving a clarification if At-Tawba is part of Quran 8 (al-ʾanfāl) or not.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref group="Notes" name="Ninth sura"/> It occurs at the beginning of each subsequent sura of the Qur'an and is usually not numbered as a verse except at its first appearance at the start of the first sura. The Basmala occurs as part of a sura's text in verse 30 of the 27th sura ("An-Naml"), where it prefaces a letter from Sulayman to Bilqis, the Queen of Sheba.
The Basmala is used extensively in everyday Muslim life, said as the opening of each action in order to receive blessing from God.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Reciting the Basmala is a necessary requirement in the preparation of halal food.
In the Indian subcontinent, a Bismillah ceremony is held for a child's initiation into Islam.
The three definite nouns of the Basmala—Allah, ar-Rahman and ar-Rahim—correspond to the first three of the traditional 99 names of God in Islam. Both ar-Rahman and ar-Rahim are from the same triliteral root R-Ḥ-M, "to feel sympathy, or pity".
Around 1980, IRIB used it before starting their newscasts.
HadithEdit
There are several ahadith encouraging Muslims to recite it before eating and drinking. For example:
Jabir reported: I heard Messenger of Allah (saw) saying, "If a person mentions the Name of Allah upon entering his house or eating, Satan says, addressing his followers: 'You will find nowhere to spend the night and no dinner.' But if he enters without mentioning the Name of Allah, Satan says (to his followers); 'You have found (a place) to spend the night in,' and if he does not mention the Name of Allah at the time of eating, Satan says: 'You have found (a place) to spend the night in as well as food.'"
- — From Al Bukhari and Muslim
Aisha reported: "The Prophet said, "When any of you wants to eat, he should mention the Name of God in the beginning (Bismillah). If he forgets to do it in the beginning, he should say Bismillah awwalahu wa akhirahu (I begin with the Name of God at the beginning and at the end)".
- — From At-Tirmidhi and Abu Dawud
Umaiyyah bin Makshi reported: "The Prophet was sitting while a man was eating food. That man did not mention the Name of God till only a morsel of food was left. When he raised it to his mouth, he said, Bismillah awwalahu wa akhirahu. The Prophet smiled at this and said, "Satan had been eating with him but when he mentioned the Name of God, Satan vomited all that was in his stomach".
Wahshi bin Harb reported: "Some of the Sahaba of the Prophet said, 'We eat but are not satisfied.' He said, 'Perhaps you eat separately.' The Sahaba replied in the affirmative. He then said, 'Eat together and mention the Name of God over your food. It will be blessed for you.'
- — From Abu Dawood
A tradition ascribed to Muhammad states:<ref name="burckhardt">Titus Burckhardt (2008) [1959]. An Introduction to Sufi Doctrine. World Wisdom Inc., Bloomington IN, USA. Template:ISBN. p. 36.</ref>
All that is contained in the revealed books is to be found in the Qur’an and all that is contained in the Qur’an is summed up in the surat al-fatihah ("The opening one") while this is in its turn contained in the formula Bismillahi-r-Rahmani-r-Rahim ("In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful").
A tradition ascribed to Imam Ali states:<ref name="burckhardt" />
The basmalah is in essence contained in the first letter, Ba, and this again in its diacritical point, which thus symbolizes principal Unity.
TafsirEdit
In a commentary on the Basmala in his Tafsir al-Tabari, al-Tabari writes:
- "The Messenger of Allah (the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said that Jesus was handed by his mother Mary over to a school in order that he might be taught. [The teacher] said to him: 'Write "Bism (In the name of)".' And Jesus said to him: 'What is "Bism"?' The teacher said: 'I do not know.' Jesus said: 'The "Ba" is Baha’u'llah (the glory of Allah), the "Sin" is His Sana’ (radiance), and the "Mim" is His Mamlakah (sovereignty)."<ref>Template:Cite book In note 330 on page 274 of the same book Dr. Momen states the following: "At-Tabarí, Jámi’-al-Bayán, vol. 1, p.40. Some of the abbreviated editions of this work (such as the Mu’assasah ar-Risálah, Beirut, 1994 edition) omit this passage as does the translation by J. Cooper (Oxford University Press, 1987). Ibn Kathír records this tradition, Tafsír, vol. 1, p. 17. As-Suyútí in ad-Durr al-Manthúr, vol. 1, p. 8, also records this tradition and gives a list of other scholars who have cited it including Abú Na’ím al-Isfahání in Hilyat al-Awliya’ and Ibn ‘Asákir in Taríkh Dimashq."</ref>
NumerologyEdit
GematriaEdit
According to the standard Abjadi system of numerology, the total value of the letters of the Islamic Basmala, i.e. the phrase — is 786.<ref name="ox">Shah & Haleem (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Qur'anic Studies, Oxford University Press, 2020, pp581, 587-88</ref> This number has therefore acquired a significance in folk Islam and Near Eastern folk magic and also appears in many instances of pop-culture, such as its appearance in the 2006 song '786 All is War' by the band Fun-Da-Mental.<ref name="ox" /> A recommendation of reciting the basmala 786 times in sequence is recorded in Al-Buni. Sündermann (2006) reports that a contemporary "spiritual healer" from Syria recommends the recitation of the basmala 786 times over a cup of water, which is then to be ingested as medicine.<ref>Katja Sündermann, Spirituelle Heiler im modernen Syrien: Berufsbild und Selbstverständnis - Wissen und Praxis, Hans Schiler, 2006, p. 371.</ref> 786 as a number, however, does not appear in Quran or Hadith.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
It has also become common to abbreviate the phrase by typing "786", especially in online communication, and especially among South Asian Muslims.Template:Citation needed License plates, phone numbers, and serial numbers on currency containing 786 have garnered a particularly high price in South Asia and Dubai.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Businesses in Myanmar have displayed 786 to indicate that they are owned by Muslims.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
UnicodeEdit
In Unicode, the Basmala is encoded as one ligature at code point U+FDFD Template:Font in the Arabic Presentation Forms-A block.
| Unicode | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HTML entity references | Character | Name | Transcription | Arabic | English |
﷽﷽
|
Template:Huge | Arabic ligature BISMILLAH AR-RAHMAN AR-RAHEEM | Bi-smi llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm | lang}} | In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful |
See alsoEdit
- List of Christian terms in Arabic
- Glossary of Islam
- Al-Fatiha
- Besiyata Dishmaya
- Bshuma in Mandaeism
- Deus vult and the Trinitarian formula in Christianity
- Inshallah
- Names of God in Islam
- Shahada
- Six Kalimas
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
External linksEdit
- Bismillah Samples, a collection of bismillah art-forms.
- Bismallah in Tadabbur-i-Qur'an (archived).
- Meaning of Bismillah
- Beyond Probability, God's Message in Mathematics. Series 1: The Opening Statement of the Quran (The Basmalah).
- The Blessed Basmala – Seeking a healing cure by means of Basmala, the pure
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