Bastet
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Bastet or Bast (Template:Langx), also known as UbastiTemplate:Efn or Bubastis,Template:Efn is a goddess of ancient Egyptian religion, possibly of Nubian origin, worshipped as early as the Second Dynasty (2890 BC). In ancient Greek religion, she was known as Ailuros (Template:Langx).
Bastet was worshipped in Bubastis in Lower Egypt, originally as a lioness goddess, a role shared by other deities such as Sekhmet. Eventually Bastet and Sekhmet were characterized as two aspects of the same goddess, with Sekhmet representing the powerful warrior and protector aspect, and Bastet, who increasingly was depicted as a cat, representing a gentler aspect.<ref name=Serpell184>Serpell, "Domestication and History of the Cat", p. 184.</ref>
NameEdit
Bastet, which is the form of the name that is most commonly adopted by Egyptologists today because of its use in later dynasties, is a modern convention offering one possible reconstruction. In early Egyptian hieroglyphs, her name appears to have been bꜣstt. James Peter Allen vocalizes the original form of the name as buʔístit or buʔístiat, with ʔ representing a glottal stop.<ref name="language-allen">Template:Cite book</ref> In Middle Egyptian writing, the second t marks a feminine ending but usually was not pronounced, and the aleph ꜣ (File:Latin small letter egyptological Alef.svg) may have moved to a position before the accented syllable, ꜣbst.<ref name=Velde165>Te Velde, "Bastet", p. 165.</ref> By the first millennium, then, bꜣstt would have been something like *Ubaste (< *Ubastat) in Egyptian speech, later becoming Coptic Oubaste.<ref name=Velde165 /> The name is rendered in Phoenician as 𐤀𐤁𐤎𐤕,<ref>KAI 17, 37, 49 (34), 49 (37); CIS I 1988; RÉS 367</ref> romanized: ’bst, or 𐤁𐤎𐤕,<ref>CIS I 1988, 2082</ref> romanized: bst.
What the name of the goddess means remains uncertain.<ref name=Velde165 /> Names of ancient Egyptian deities often were represented as references to associations or with euphemisms, being cult secrets. One recent suggestion by Stephen Quirke (Ancient Egyptian Religion) explains Bastet as meaning, "She of the ointment jar".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This ties in with the observation that her name was written with the hieroglyph for ointment jar (bꜣs) and that she was associated with protective ointments, among other things.<ref name=Velde165 /> The name of the material known as alabaster might, through Greek, come from the name of the goddess. This association would have come about much later than when the goddess was a protective lioness goddess, however, and is useful only in deciphering the origin of the term, alabaster.Template:Citation neededTemplate:Ancient Egyptian religionJames P. Allen instead derives the name as a nisba construction from a place name "Baset" (bꜣst) with the meaning "she of bꜣst".<ref name="language-allen" />
Role in ancient EgyptEdit
Bastet was originally a fierce lioness warrior goddess of the sun, worshipped throughout most of ancient Egyptian history. Later she became the cat goddess that is familiar today.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> She was then depicted as the daughter of Ra and Isis, and the consort of Ptah, with whom she had a son, Maahes.<ref name=":0" />
As protector of Lower Egypt, she was seen as defender of the king, and consequently of the sun god, Ra. Along with other deities such as Hathor, Sekhmet, and Isis, Bastet was associated with the Eye of Ra.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> She has been depicted as fighting the evil snake named Apep, an enemy of Ra.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In addition to her solar connections, she was also related to Wadjet, one of the oldest Egyptian goddesses from the Southern Delta who was dubbed "eye of the moon".<ref>Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 176</ref>
Bastet was also a goddess of pregnancy and childbirth, possibly because of the fertility of the domestic cat.<ref name="Delia 545">Delia, Diana (1999). "Isis, or the Moon". In W. Clarysse, A. Schoors, H. Willems. Egyptian Religion: The Last Thousand Years. Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Jan Quaegebeur. Peeters. pp. 545–546</ref>
Images of Bastet were often created from alabaster. The goddess was sometimes depicted holding a ceremonial sistrum in one hand and an aegis in the other—the aegis usually resembling a collar or gorget, embellished with a lioness head.
Bastet was also depicted as the goddess of protection against contagious diseases and evil spirits.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
Her name was originally shorter, transliterated as Bast in English.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Bast first appears in the third millennium BCE, where she is depicted as either a fierce lioness or a woman with the head of a lioness.<ref name=Velde164>Te Velde, "Bastet", p. 164.</ref> Two thousand years later, during the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt (Template:Circa–712 BC), Bast began to be depicted as a domestic cat or a cat-headed woman.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Scribes of the New Kingdom and later eras began referring to her with an additional feminine suffix, as Bastet. The name change is thought to have been added to emphasize pronunciation of the ending t sound, often left silent.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Cats in ancient Egypt were highly revered, partly due to their ability to combat vermin such as mice and rats which threatened key food supplies, as well as snakes—especially cobras. Cats of royalty were, in some instances, known to be dressed in golden jewelry and allowed to eat from the plates of their owners. Dennis C. Turner and Patrick Bateson estimate that during the Twenty-second Dynasty (Template:Circa), Bastet changed from being a lioness deity into being predominantly a major cat deity.<ref name="Serpell184" />
The native Egyptian rulers were replaced by Greeks during an occupation of Ancient Egypt in the Ptolemaic Dynasty that lasted almost 300 years. The Greeks sometimes equated Bastet with one of their goddesses, Artemis.<ref name="Delia 545" />
Bastet was depicted by Egyptians with the head of a cat and the slender body of a woman. Sometimes, Bastet was venerated as just a cat head.
Because domestic cats tend to be tender and protective of their offspring, Bastet was also regarded as a good mother and sometimes was depicted with numerous kittens.
BubastisEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Bastet was a local deity whose religious sect was centered in the city in the Nile Delta later named Bubastis. It lay near what is known today as Zagazig.<ref name="Velde164"/><ref name="emuseum">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The town, known in Egyptian as pr-bꜣstt (transliterated as Per-Bastet), carries her name, literally meaning House of Bastet. It was known in Greek as Boubastis (Βούβαστις) and translated into Hebrew as Pî-beset, spelled without the initial t sound of the last syllable.<ref name=Velde165/> In the biblical Book of Ezekiel 30:17, the town appears in the Hebrew form Pibeseth.<ref name=Velde164 />
TempleEdit
Herodotus, an ancient Greek historian who traveled in Egypt in the fifth century BCE, describes Bastet's temple at some length:<ref name=Herodotus138>Herodotus, Book 2, chapter 138.</ref>
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Save for the entrance, it stands on an island; two separate channels approach it from the Nile, and after coming up to the entry of the temple, they run round it on opposite sides; each of them a hundred feet wide, and overshadowed by trees. The temple is in the midst of the city, the whole circuit of which commands a view down into it; for the city's level has been raised, but that of the temple has been left as it was from the first, so that it can be seen into from without. A stone wall, carven with figures, runs round it; within is a grove of very tall trees growing round a great shrine, wherein is the image of the goddess; the temple is a square, each side measuring a furlong. A road, paved with stone, of about three furlongs' length leads to the entrance, running eastward through the market place, towards the temple of Hermes; this road is about 400 feet wide, and bordered by trees reaching to heaven.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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This description by Herodotus and several Egyptian texts suggest that water surrounded the temple on three (out of four) sides, forming a type of lake known as isheru, not too dissimilar from that surrounding the temple of the mother goddess Mut in Karnak at Thebes.<ref name=Velde164 /> These lakes were typical components of temples devoted to a number of lioness goddesses (Bastet, Mut, Tefnut, Hathor, Sakhmet)<ref name=Velde164 /> who are said to represent one original goddess and who came to be associated with sun gods such as Horus and Ra, as well as the Eye of Ra. Each of these goddesses had to be appeased by a specific set of rituals.<ref name=Velde164 /> One myth relates that a lioness, fiery and wrathful, was cooled down by the water of the lake and thus was transformed into a gentle cat, settling down in the temple.<ref name=Velde164 />
At the Bubastis temple, large numbers of cats were found to have been mummified and buried, many next to their owners. More than 300,000 mummified cats were discovered when Bastet's temple was excavated. Turner and Bateson suggest that the status of the cat in Egypt was roughly equivalent to that of the cow in modern India. The death of a cat might leave a family in great mourning, and those who could afford the expense would have the cat embalmed or buried in pet cemeteries,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which demonstrates the great prevalence of the cult of Bastet. Extensive burials of cat remains have been found not only at Bubastis but also at Saqqara,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Zivie2005>Template:Cite book</ref> including the temple complex known as the Bubasteum. In 1888, a farmer uncovered a burial site of many hundreds of thousands of cats in Beni Hasan.<ref name=Serpell184 />
FestivalEdit
Herodotus relates that of the many solemn festivals held in Egypt, the most important and most popular one was that celebrated in Bubastis in honor of this goddess.<ref name=Herodotus59>Herodotus, Book 2, chapter 59.</ref><ref name=Herodotus137>Herodotus, Book 2, chapter 137.</ref> Each year on the day of her festival, the town was said to have attracted some 700,000 visitors, both men and women (but not children), who arrived in numerous crowded ships. The women engaged in music, song, and dance on their way to the place. Great sacrifices were made and prodigious amounts of wine were drunk—more than was the case throughout the year.<ref name=Herodotus60>Herodotus, Book 2, chapter 60.</ref> This accords well with Egyptian sources which prescribe that lioness goddesses are to be appeased with the "feasts of drunkenness".<ref name=Velde165 /> A festival of Bastet was known to be celebrated during the New Kingdom at Bubastis. The block statue from the eighteenth dynasty (Template:Circa) of Nefer-ka, the wab-priest of Sekhmet,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> provides written evidence for this. The inscription suggests that the king, Amenhotep III, was present at the event and had great offerings made to the deity.
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Herodotus, ed. H. Stein (et al.) and tr. AD Godley (1920), Herodotus 1. Books 1 and 2. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts
- E. Bernhauer, "Block Statue of Nefer-ka", in: M. I. Bakr, H. Brandl, Faye Kalloniatis (eds.): Egyptian Antiquities from Kufur Nigm and Bubastis. Berlin 2010, pp. 176–179 Template:ISBN.
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Further readingEdit
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External linksEdit
- "All About Bast" — Comprehensive essay by S.D. Cass on per-Bast.org
- "Temple to cat god found in Egypt", BBC News
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