Bath Iron Works
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Bath Iron Works (BIW) is a major United States shipyard located on the Kennebec River in Bath, Maine, founded in 1884 as Bath Iron Works, Limited. Since 1995, Bath Iron Works has been a subsidiary of General Dynamics, one of the world's largest defense companies. BIW has built private, commercial, and military vessels, most of which have been ordered by the United States Navy.
HistoryEdit
Bath Iron Works was incorporated in 1884 by General Thomas W. Hyde, a native of Bath who served in the American Civil War. After the war, he bought a shop that made windlasses and other iron hardware for the wooden ships built in Bath's many shipyards. He expanded the business by improving its practices, entering new markets, and acquiring other local businesses. By 1882, Hyde Windlass was eyeing the new and growing business of iron shipbuilding, and it incorporated as Bath Iron Works in 1884.
On February 28, 1890, BIW won its first contract for complete vessels: two iron gunboats for the Navy. One of these Template:Convert ships was the Template:USS, the first ship launched by the company. In 1892, the yard won its first commercial contract for the 2,500-ton steel passenger steamer Template:Ship. In the 1890s, the company built several yachts for wealthy sailors.
In 1899, Hyde was suffering from Bright's Disease and resigned from management of the shipyard, leaving his sons Edward and John in charge. The shipyard began construction of Template:USS that same year, the only battleship ever built in Bath. It dominated the yard for five years until its launching in 1904, and was at times the only ship under construction. The yard faced numerous challenges because of the weight of armor and weapons. In sea trials, Georgia averaged Template:Convert for four hours, making her the fastest ship in her class and the fastest battleship in the United States Navy at the time.<ref name="End Games – PORTLAND MAGAZINE">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The company continued to rely on Navy contracts, which provided 86-percent of the value of new contracts between 1905 and 1917. The yard also produced fishing trawlers, freighters, and yachts throughout the first half of the century. These included Vanda, Hi-Esmaro, Aras I and Aras II, Caroline, and Corsair IV, which later served as a cruise ship before sinking off Acapulco, Mexico in 1949.<ref name="End Games – PORTLAND MAGAZINE"/>
The shipyard was at peak production during World War II (1943–1944), launching a destroyer every 17 days. Bath Iron Works ranked 50th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> In 1981, Falcon Transport ordered two tankers, the last commercial vessels built by BIW.
Template:USS was commissioned at Bath in 1986. It survived a mine explosion which tore a hole in its engine room and flooded two compartments. Over the next two years, BIW repaired the ship in unique fashion. The guided missile frigate was towed to the company's dry dock in Portland, Maine, and put up on blocks, where the damaged engine room was cut out of the ship. Meanwhile, workers in Bath built a 315-ton replacement, and the module was floated south to Portland, placed on the dry dock, slid into place under the frigate, jacked up, and welded into place.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1995, Bath Iron Works was bought by General Dynamics. In 2001, the company wrapped up a four-year effort to build the Land Level Transfer Facility, an enormous concrete platform for final assembly of its ships, instead of building them on a sloping way so that they could slide into the Kennebec at launch. Hulls are now moved by rail from the platform horizontally onto a moveable dry dock, which greatly reduced the work involved in building and launching the ships.<ref>GDBIW.com Template:Webarchive</ref> The Template:Convert, 28,000-ton dry dock was built by Jiangdu Yuchai Shipbuilding Company for $27 million and shipped from China.<ref name="UPI">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
In 2015, Bath Iron Works signed contracts with US Navy to build new Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, as well as to conduct maintenance sustainment support of Independence-class littoral combat ships built by competitor Austal USA.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The shipyard delivered Template:USS and Template:USS and is working on Template:USS and Template:USS. The DDG block buy for Bath also includes Template:USS, Template:USS, and Template:USS. On March 27, Bath received a $610.4 million contract modification to build John Basilone. This ship was funded in the 2015 defense appropriations act.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2016, Dirk Lesko became president of Bath Iron Works.<ref name=":0" />
In 2020, 4,300 workers, all members of the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, voted to go on strike after the company and the union failed to agree to new labor contracts. The shipbuilders agreed to a 3-year pact and returned to work after 63 days of strike.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Lesko resigned unexpectedly on April 7, 2022, the same day the union local announced that it had come to an agreement with the shipyard.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On May 5, 2022, Charles F. Krugh was appointed president.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Offsite facilitiesEdit
Bath Iron Works operates several offsite facilities in the surrounding mid-coast Maine region, their purposes range from administration to structural fabrication.
West BathEdit
• West Bath Warehouse • The facility closest to the main yard, located on 76 New Meadows Road, West Bath. Its primary responsibilities are storage and distribution of materials to other BIW facilities, primarily the main yard.
BrunswickEdit
The neighboring city of Brunswick, Maine, Contains the most Bath Iron Works offsite facilities of any single municipality.
• Structural Fabrication • Built in 1940 under the name "Harding's Plant", the Structural Fabrication facility is among the largest outside of the main yard.
• Outfit Fabrication • Previously known as "East Brunswick Manufacturing Facility (EBMF)", the Outfit Fabrication facility is responsible for the production of non-structural parts and assemblies more efficient to build on the shop floor, and later ship into the main yard.
• Tech Center • The Tech Center is where many Planners, Designers, and Engineers work.
Notable ships builtEdit
- Yachts
- Aphrodite completed for Oliver Hazard Payne 1899, the largest American built steam yacht at the time
- Ranger, successful America's Cup defender
- Aras II, Presidential Yacht known as USS Williamsburg
- Corsair IV, large yacht built for J. P. Morgan Jr.
- Lightvessels
- Gunboat
- Naval ram
- Monitor
- Template:USS<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Template:Sclass protected cruiser
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- Template:USS, launched in 1904
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- 5 of 21 Template:Sclasss
- 2 of 4 Template:Sclasss
- 1 of 6 Template:Sclass
- 1 of 6 Template:Sclass
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- Template:USS World War I – Rum Patrol
- Template:USS<ref name="s103">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.103</ref> World War I – Attack on Pearl Harbor
- 1 of 6 Template:Sclass
- Template:USS<ref name="s276">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.276</ref> World War I – Guadalcanal Campaign – Operation Flintlock – Battle of Saipan – Philippines campaign (1944–45)
- 8 of 111 Template:Sclasss
- Template:USS<ref name="fahey">Fahey, James C. The Ships and Aircraft of the United States Fleet Ships and Aircraft (1939) p.17</ref> World War I – Destroyers for Bases Agreement
- Template:USS<ref name="fahey" /> World War I – Destroyers for Bases Agreement
- Template:USS<ref name="fahey" /> World War I
- Template:USS<ref name="fahey" /> Destroyers for Bases Agreement
- Template:USS<ref name="fahey" /> Destroyers for Bases Agreement – St. Nazaire Raid
- Template:USS<ref name="fahey" /> Destroyers for Bases Agreement
- Template:USS<ref name="fahey" /> Destroyers for Bases Agreement
- Template:USS<ref name="fahey" /> Destroyers for Bases Agreement
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- 3 of 156 Template:Sclasss
- Template:USS<ref name="s212">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.212</ref> Attack on Pearl Harbor – Guadalcanal Campaign
- Template:USS<ref name="s212" /> Attack on Pearl Harbor – Battle of Empress Augusta Bay
- Template:USS<ref name="s212" /> Attack on Pearl Harbor
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- Template:USCGC<ref name="s380">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.380</ref>
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- Template:USCGC<ref name="s383">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.383</ref>
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- Template:USCGC<ref name="s383" /> sank U-352
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- Template:USCGC<ref name="s383" /> sank U-157
- 1 of 8 Farragut-class destroyers (1934)
- Template:USS<ref name="silverstone">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.114</ref> Attack on Pearl Harbor – Battle of the Coral Sea<ref name="ussbs">Oftsie, R.A., RADM USN The Campaigns of the Pacific War United States Government Printing Office (1946) p.55</ref> – Battle of Midway – Guadalcanal Campaign – Battle of the Eastern Solomons – Battle of the Philippine Sea<ref name="tillman">Tillman, Barrett Clash of the Carriers (2005) Template:ISBN pp.301-306</ref>
- The J-class yacht Ranger, 1936
- 2 of 18 Template:Sclasss
- Template:USS<ref name="s118">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.118</ref> Battle of Tassafaronga<ref name="ussbs140">Oftsie, R.A., RADM USN The Campaigns of the Pacific War United States Government Printing Office (1946) p.140</ref> Philippines campaign (1944–45)
- Template:USS<ref name="s118" /> Battle of Tassafaronga<ref name="ussbs140" /> – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – sunk in test Able of Operation Crossroads
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- Template:USS<ref name="s118" /> Invasion of Normandy
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- Template:USS<ref name="s126">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.126</ref> Battle of the Coral Sea<ref name="ussbs54">Oftsie, R.A., RADM USN The Campaigns of the Pacific War United States Government Printing Office (1946) p.54</ref>
- Template:USS<ref name="s126" /> Battle of Midway<ref name="ussbs74">Oftsie, R.A., RADM USN The Campaigns of the Pacific War United States Government Printing Office (1946) p.74</ref> – Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands<ref name="ussbs122">Oftsie, R.A., RADM USN The Campaigns of the Pacific War United States Government Printing Office (1946) p.122</ref> – Naval Battle of Guadalcanal<ref name="ussbs128">Oftsie, R.A., RADM USN The Campaigns of the Pacific War United States Government Printing Office (1946) p.128</ref> – Philippines campaign (1944–45)
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- Template:USS<ref name="s126" /> invasions of Sicily, Italy and Southern France
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- Template:USS<ref name="s129">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.129</ref> invasions of North Africa and Southern France
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- Template:USS<ref name="s129" /> invasions of North Africa, Sicily and Italy
- Template:USS<ref name="s129" /> invasions of North Africa, Sicily, Italy and Southern France
- Template:USS<ref name="s132">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.132</ref> invasions of North Africa, Normandy, Southern France and Okinawa
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- Template:USS<ref name="s135">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.135</ref> Guadalcanal campaign – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Korean War – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s135" /> Naval Battle of Guadalcanal<ref name="ussbs127">Oftsie, R.A., RADM USN The Campaigns of the Pacific War United States Government Printing Office (1946) p.127</ref> Guadalcanal campaign – Naval Battle of Vella Lavella<ref name="ussbs148">Oftsie, R.A., RADM USN The Campaigns of the Pacific War United States Government Printing Office (1946) p.148</ref> – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Korean War – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s135" /> Guadalcanal campaign – Naval Battle of Vella Lavella<ref name="ussbs148" />
- Template:USS<ref name="s135" /> Guadalcanal campaign
- Template:USS<ref name="s135" /> Guadalcanal campaign – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Korean War – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s135" /> Guadalcanal campaign
- Template:USS<ref name="s138">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.138</ref> Guadalcanal campaign – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Korean War
- Template:USS<ref name="s138" /> Guadalcanal campaign – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Surigao Strait – Korean War
- Template:USS<ref name="s138" /> Guadalcanal campaign – Battle of Empress Augusta Bay<ref name="ussbs153">Oftsie, R.A., RADM USN The Campaigns of the Pacific War United States Government Printing Office (1946) p.153</ref> Battle of Cape St. George<ref name="ussbs159">Oftsie, R.A., RADM USN The Campaigns of the Pacific War United States Government Printing Office (1946) p.159</ref> – Battle of the Philippine Sea<ref name="tillman" /> – Philippines campaign (1944–45)
- Template:USS<ref name="s138" /> Guadalcanal campaign – Philippines campaign (1944–45)
- Template:USS<ref name="s138" /> Guadalcanal campaign – Battle of Empress Augusta Bay<ref name="ussbs153" /> – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Okinawa
- Template:USS<ref name="s138" /> Guadalcanal campaign – Battle of Empress Augusta Bay<ref name="ussbs153" /> – Battle of Cape St. George<ref name="ussbs159" /> – Battle of the Philippine Sea<ref name="tillman" /> – Philippines campaign (1944–45)
- Template:USS<ref name="s138" /> Guadalcanal campaign – Battle of the Philippine Sea<ref name="tillman" /> – Battle of Iwo Jima
- Template:USS<ref name="s138" /> Guadalcanal campaign – Battle of Empress Augusta Bay<ref name="ussbs153" /> – Battle of the Philippine Sea<ref name="tillman" /> – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Okinawa
- Template:USS<ref name="s138" /> Guadalcanal campaign – Battle of the Philippine Sea<ref name="tillman" /> – Battle of Okinawa
- Template:USS<ref name="s138" /> Guadalcanal campaign – Battle of the Philippine Sea<ref name="tillman" /> – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Okinawa
- Template:USS<ref name="s138" /> Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Okinawa – Korean War – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s141">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.141</ref> Philippines campaign (1944–45)
- Template:USS<ref name="s141" /> Battle of the Philippine Sea<ref name="tillman" /> – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Okinawa
- Template:USS<ref name="s141" /> Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Okinawa – Korean War
- Template:USS<ref name="s141" /> Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Okinawa
- Template:USS<ref name="s141" /> Guadalcanal campaign – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Surigao Strait
- Template:USS<ref name="s141" /> Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Okinawa – Korean War
- Template:USS<ref name="s141" /> Battle of the Philippine Sea<ref name="tillman" /> – Philippines campaign (1944–45)
- Template:USS<ref name="s141" /> Battle of the Philippine Sea<ref name="tillman" /> – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s141" /> Mariana and Palau Islands Campaign – Philippines campaign (1944–45)<ref name="tillman" /> – Battle of Okinawa – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s141" /> Battle of the Philippine Sea<ref name="tillman" /> – Philippines campaign (1944–45)
- Template:USS<ref name="s143">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.143</ref> Battle of Saipan – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Surigao Strait – Battle of Okinawa
- Template:USS<ref name="s143" /> Battle of Saipan
- Template:USS<ref name="s143" /> Battle of Saipan
- Template:USS<ref name="s143" /> Philippines campaign (1944–45)
- 14 of 58 Template:Sclasss
- Template:USS<ref name="s1467">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) pp.146-7</ref> Invasion of Normandy – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Korean War
- Template:USS<ref name="s1467" /> Invasion of Normandy – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Okinawa – Korean War – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s1467" /> Invasion of Normandy – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Okinawa – Korean War – preserved National Historic Landmark in Charleston, South Carolina
- Template:USS<ref name="s1467" /> Invasion of Normandy – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Korean War – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s1467" /> Invasion of Normandy
- Template:USS<ref name="s1467" /> Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Okinawa – Korean War
- Template:USS<ref name="s1467" /> Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Korean War – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s1467" /> Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Okinawa – Korean War – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s1467" /> Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Korean War
- Template:USS<ref name="s1467" /> Battle of Okinawa – Korean War – Gulf of Tonkin Incident – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s1467" /> Battle of Okinawa – Korean War
- Template:USS<ref name="s1467" /> Battle of Okinawa
- Template:USS<ref name="s1467" /> Battle of Okinawa – Korean War
- Template:USS<ref name="s1467" /> Battle of Okinawa
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- 6 of 12 Template:Sclasss
- Template:USS<ref name="s212" /> Battle of Okinawa
- Template:USS<ref name="s212" /> Battle of Okinawa
- Template:USS<ref name="s212" /> Battle of Okinawa
- Template:USS<ref name="s212" /> Battle of Okinawa
- Template:USS<ref name="s212" /> Battle of Okinawa
- Template:USS<ref name="s212" /> Battle of Okinawa
- 30 of 98 Template:Sclasss
- Template:USS<ref name="s148">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.148</ref> World War II – Korean War – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s148" /> World War II – Korean War – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s150">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.150</ref> Korean War
- Template:USS<ref name="s150" /> World War II – Korean War – Vietnam War – Battle of Dong Hoi
- Template:USS<ref name="s150" /> World War II – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s150" /> Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s150" /> Korean War – Vietnam War
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- Template:USS<ref name="s150" /> (Experimental ship completed with aluminum superstructure and high-horsepower engines)
- Template:USS<ref name="s150" /> Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s150" /> Vietnam War
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- Template:USS<ref name="s150" /> Korean War – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s150" /> Korean War – Vietnam War
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- Template:USS<ref name="s150" />
- Template:USS<ref name="s150" /> Recovered astronaut John Glenn in Friendship 7 on 20 February 1962
- Template:USS<ref name="s150" /> Korean War – Vietnam War
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- Template:USS<ref name="s150" /> Korean War – Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="s150" /> Korean War – Vietnam War
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- Template:USS<ref name="s152">Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1968) p.152</ref> (no overseas deployments – used exclusively for ASW research)
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- Template:USS<ref name="j458">Blackman, Raymond V. B. Jane's Fighting Ships (1970/71) p.458</ref>
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- Template:USS<ref name="janes">Blackman, Raymond V. B. Jane's Fighting Ships (1970/71) p.435</ref>
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- Template:USS<ref name="j439">Blackman, Raymond V. B. Jane's Fighting Ships (1970/71) p.439</ref>
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- Template:USS<ref name="j437">Blackman, Raymond V. B. Jane's Fighting Ships (1970/71) p.437</ref>
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- D185 Template:Ship
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- 2 of 10 Farragut-class destroyers (1958)
- Template:USS<ref name="j432">Blackman, Raymond V. B. Jane's Fighting Ships (1970/71) p.432</ref>
- Template:USS<ref name="j432" /> Vietnam War
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- Template:USS<ref name="j431">Blackman, Raymond V. B. Jane's Fighting Ships (1970/71) p.431</ref>
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- Template:USS<ref name="j429">Blackman, Raymond V. B. Jane's Fighting Ships (1970/71) p.429</ref>
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- Template:USS<ref name="j429" /> Vietnam War
- Template:USS<ref name="j429" /> Vietnam War
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- Template:USS<ref name="j456">Blackman, Raymond V. B. Jane's Fighting Ships (1970/71) p.456</ref>
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- Template:USS<ref name="j452">Blackman, Raymond V. B. Jane's Fighting Ships (1970/71) p.452</ref>
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- Template:USS<ref name="proceedings">Clement, Janet Ann, LT USNR "The FFG-7 Program: A Shipbuilding Status Report" United States Naval Institute Proceedings (June 1981) p.109</ref>
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- USS Daniel Inouye (DDG-118)
- USS Carl M. Levin (DDG-120)
- USS John Basilone (DDG-122)
- USS Harvey C. Barnum Jr. (DDG-124)
- USS Louis H. Wilson Jr. (DDG-126)
- USS Patrick Gallagher (DDG-127)
- USS William Charette (DDG-130)
- Template:Sclasss
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Template:Cite book (First general history of BIW.)
- Template:Cite book (Describes the construction of a Perry-class guided missile frigate, the training of its precommissioning crew at BIW, and the complex repair job that returned it to duty.)
- Template:Cite book (Describes the construction of Template:USS at BIW.)
- Template:Cite book (The definitive work on BIW from 1884 to 1987.)
- Template:Cite book (Historic and contemporary photos of BIW.)
External linksEdit
- Bath Iron Works website Template:Webarchive
- USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58) under repair at BIW's Portland dry dock
Template:General Dynamics Template:Kennebec River Template:Authority control Template:PTF boat