Bee hummingbird
Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Use dmy dates Template:Speciesbox The bee hummingbird, zunzuncito or Helena hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) is a species of hummingbird, native to the island of Cuba in the Caribbean. It is the smallest known bird.<ref name=ADW>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="wired">Template:Cite journal</ref> The bee hummingbird feeds on nectar of flowers and bugs found in Cuba.<ref name="cornell" />
DescriptionEdit
The bee hummingbird is the smallest living bird.<ref name=ADW/><ref name="wired" /> Females weigh Template:Convert and are Template:Convert long, and are slightly larger than males, which have an average weight of Template:Convert and length of Template:Convert.<ref name=ADW/> Like all hummingbirds, it is a swift, strong flier.
The male has a green pileum and bright red throat, iridescent gorget with elongated lateral plumes, bluish upper parts, and the rest of the underparts mostly greyish white.<ref name=wired/><ref name="cornell">Template:Cite book</ref> Compared to other small hummingbirds, which often have a slender appearance, the bee hummingbird looks rounded and plump.<ref name=cornell/>
Female bee hummingbirds are bluish green with a pale gray underside.<ref name=cornell/> The tips of their tail feathers have white spots. During the mating season, males have a reddish to pink head, chin, and throat. The female lays only two eggs at a time, each about the size of a coffee bean.<ref name=wired/>
The bee hummingbird's feathers have iridescent colors, which is not always noticeable, but depends on the viewing angle. The bird's slender, pointed bill is adapted for probing deep into flowers. The bee hummingbird feeds mainly on nectar, by moving its tongue rapidly in and out of its mouth. In the process of feeding, the bird picks up pollen on its bill and head. When it flies from flower to flower, it transfers the pollen. In this way, it plays an important role in plant reproduction. In one day, the bee hummingbird may visit 1,500 flowers.<ref name="Piper">Template:Cite book</ref> It is a diurnal bird that can fly at Template:Cvt, and it beats its wings 80–200 times per second, which allows it to remain stationary in the air to feed on flowers. The bee hummingbird lives up to seven years in the wild, and 10 years in captivity.<ref name=ADW/>
The bee hummingbird has also been described as Template:Qi.<ref name=Norell>Template:Cite book</ref> This characterization is based upon the recognition that birds are, in fact, a living form of theropod dinosaurs (or, strictly speaking, avian dinosaurs),<ref name="Chiappe2009">Template:Cite journal</ref> and no smaller bird or non-avian dinosaur has been found in the fossil record.<ref name=Norell/>
The call is described as Template:Qi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Within their territory a male will often sing atop the highest tree.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Mellisuga helenae Size Comparison.svg
Size of M. helenae compared to a human hand
- Bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) adult male non-breeding.jpg
Adult male, Cuba
- Bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) immature male.jpg
Juvenile male
DietEdit
.jpg){kind=link}
The bee hummingbird has been reported to visit ten plant species, nine of them native to Cuba.<ref name="Dalsgaard 2012">Template:Cite journal</ref>
| Plant Name | Picture |
|---|---|
| Hamelia patens (Rubiaceae) | |
| Chrysobalanus icaco (Chrysobalanaceae) | |
| Pavonia paludicola (Malvaceae) | |
| Forsteronia corymbosa (Apocynaceae) | |
| Lysiloma latisiliquum (Mimosaceae) | |
| Turnera ulmifolia (Passifloraceae) | |
| Antigonon leptopus (Polygonaceae) | |
| Clerodendrum aculeatum (Verbenaceae) | |
| Tournefortia hirsutissima (Boraginaceae) | |
| Cissus obovata (Vitaceae) |
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
They occasionally eat insects and spiders. In a typical day, bee hummingbirds will consume up to half their body weight in food.<ref name="Dalsgaard 2012"/>
TaxonomyEdit
The closest evolutionary relative of the bee hummingbird is the vervain hummingbird (Mellisuga minima), the only other member of its genus.<ref name=ioc/> The habitats of the vervain hummingbird are in Cuba's neighboring islands, Hispaniola and Jamaica.<ref name="ioc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Habitat and distributionEdit
The bee hummingbird is endemic to the entire Cuban archipelago, including the main island of Cuba and the Isla de la Juventud in the West Indies.<ref name=ADW /><ref name="dalsgaard">Template:Cite journal</ref> In these regions bee hummingbirds generally live in areas of thick growth that contain lianas and epiphytes.<ref name="cornell" /> Its population is fragmented; it is found in Cuba's mogote areas in Pinar del Río Province<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and more commonly in Zapata Swamp (Matanzas Province) and in eastern Cuba, with reference localities in Alexander Humboldt National Park and Baitiquirí Ecological Reserve (Guantánamo Province) and Gibara and Sierra Cristal (Holguín Province).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
BreedingEdit
Bee hummingbirds reach sexual maturity at one year of age.<ref name="ADW" /> The bee hummingbird's breeding season is March–June, with the female laying one or two eggs.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Using strands of cobwebs, bark, and lichen, female bee hummingbirds build a cup-shaped nest about Template:Convert in diameter and Template:Cvt off the ground. The nest is lined with a layer of soft plant wool.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Branches in mature, leafy jucaro (Terminalia buceras) and juvenile ocuje (Calophyllum antillanum) trees are commonly used for nest building.Template:Citation needed After completion of the nest, the eggs are incubated for 21 days by only the female, followed by 2 days of hatching, and 18 days of care by the mother. During days of care the mother will hunt for small insects while chicks are left alone in the nest. Over the final 4–5 days of care, juvenile bee hummingbirds practice their flight capabilities. The nests are used only once.<ref name=":0" />
Coevolution with flowersEdit
The bee hummingbird's interaction with the flowers that supply nectar is a notable example of bird–plant coevolution with its primary food source (flowers for nectar).<ref name=wired/><ref name=dalsgaard/> Flowers that bee hummingbirds often feed from are odorless, have long narrow tubular corolla that are brightly colored, and has dilute nectar.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
- Bee hummingbird videos, photos, and sounds, Internet Bird Collection
- Bee hummingbird photo gallery, Vireo