Beechcraft Starship

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The Beechcraft Starship is a twin-turboprop six- to eight-passenger pressurized business aircraft produced by Beech Aircraft Corporation. Featuring a canard design and extensive use of carbon fiber composite, it did not sell many units and production ceased in 1995, nine years after the Starship's first flight.

DevelopmentEdit

Development of the Starship began in 1979 when Beech decided to explore designs for a successor to its King Air line of turboprops that would fly faster and carry more passengers.<ref name="Air&SpaceSep04">Template:Cite news</ref>

On August 25, 1982, Beech contracted with Scaled Composites to refine the design and build an 85% scale proof-of-concept (POC) aircraft.<ref name="Air&SpaceSep04"/><ref name="FI06Jul85">Template:Cite journal</ref> One of the significant changes made to the design by Scaled Composites was the addition of variable geometry to the canard.<ref>Popular Science, June 1984, pp. 74–77, 143,</ref>

The POC aircraft first flew in August 1983.<ref name="FI03May86">Template:Cite news</ref> This aircraft had no pressurization system, no certified avionics, and a different airframe design and material specifications from the planned production Model 2000. Only one POC was built and it has since been scrapped.<ref name="Air&SpaceSep04"/>

Prototypes were produced even as development work was continuing—a system demanded by the use of composite materials, as the tooling required is very expensive and has to be built for production use from the outset. Beech built three airworthy full-scale prototypes. NC-1 was used for aerodynamic testing<ref name="FI03May86"/> and had an ejection seat. This was the only Starship equipped with conventional electro-mechanical avionics.<ref name="FI15Feb86">Template:Cite journal</ref> NC-2 was used for avionics and systems testing and NC-3 was used for flight management system and powerplant testing.<ref name="FI03May86"/> NC-1 first flew on February 15, 1986.<ref name="FI03May86"/>

The program was delayed several times, at first due to underestimating the developmental complexity and manufacturing learning curve of the production composite construction, and later due to the technical difficulties of correcting a pitch damping problem and developing the stall-warning system. By the end of development, the Starship had grown larger in cabin volume than the King Air 350 while having the same gross ramp weight of Template:Convert. Starship development cost $300 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The first production Starship flew on April 25, 1989.<ref>"Beech 2000 Starship 1". Airliners.net.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

DesignEdit

File:Beechcraft Starship fly-by.jpg

The Starship's unusual design features canards and pusher propellers

The Starship is noteworthy for its unconventional carbon fiber composite airframe, canard design, lack of centrally located vertical tail, and pusher engine/propeller configuration. The aircraft employs a variable-sweep canard surface in order to counteract the nose-down pitch from extending the flaps.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>

Carbon fiber composite was used to varying degrees on military aircraft, but at the time the Starship was certified, no civilian aircraft certified by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration had ever used it so extensively. Beech chose carbon fiber composite for its durability and high strength-to-weight ratio. According to Beech, the Starship weighs less than it would have if it were built from aluminum. Nonetheless, the empty weight of production aircraft exceeded the target by several thousand pounds.<ref name="FlyingJun93">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="FlyingJun93p82">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="AOPAOct90p43">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Beech studied several configurations before settling on a canard configuration in early 1980.<ref name="FI03May86p18">Template:Cite journal</ref> As configured, the Starship is difficult to stall; the forward surface stalls before the main lifting surface, which allows the nose to drop and more-normal flight to resume.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

A traditionally located vertical tail would have transmitted propeller noise into the airframe.<ref name="FI03May86p22">Template:Cite journal</ref> In its place, directional stability and control is provided by rudders mounted on the winglets. Because of this addition Beechcraft called the winglets "tipsails".<ref name="NASAQuest">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Mounting the engines so that the propellers are facing rearward, pushing rather than pulling the aircraft, is done for the purpose of a quieter cabin, since the propellers are further back from the passengers and because vortices from the propeller tips do not strike the fuselage sides. However, the propellers are operating in a turbulent airflow in the pusher configuration (due to airflow past the wings moving aft in vortex sheets) and high-velocity exhaust gases are discharged directly into the propellers, producing more noise where they are than if the propellers had been in a tractor configuration.Template:Cn

Flight instrumentation for the Starship included a 14-tube Proline 4 AMS-850 "glass cockpit" supplied by Rockwell Collins, the first application of an all-glass cockpit in a business aircraft.<ref name="Air&SpaceSep04"/>

Operational historyEdit

File:Beechcraft Starship.jpg

A Beechcraft Starship.

Beech sold only eleven Starships in the three years following its certification. Beech attributed the slow sales to the economic slowdown in the late-1980s, the novelty of the Starship, and the tax on luxury items that was in effect in the United States at the time. However, Template:Bquote

In an effort to stimulate demand, Beech began offering two-year leases on new Starships in 1991.<ref name="FI11Sep91">Template:Citation</ref> One of the Starships appeared in the opening scenes of the Murder, She Wrote TV series episode "Terminal Connection" in 1991.

The last Starship, NC-53, was produced in 1995. In 2003 Beechcraft said that supporting such a small fleet of airplanes was cost-prohibitive and began scrapping and incinerating the aircraft under its control. The aircraft were sent to the Evergreen Air Center located at the Pinal Airpark in Arizona for destruction.Template:Cn Beech worked with owners of privately owned Starships to replace their airplanes with other Beech aircraft such as the Premier I jet.<ref name="AWST30Jun03">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="AINJul03">Template:Citation</ref>

In 2004, Raytheon, Beech's parent company, sold off its entire inventory of Starship parts to a Starship owner for a fraction of its retail value.<ref name="AINOct09"/>

VariantsEdit

Model 115: Conceptual 85% scale prototype, one built by Scaled Composites. Scrapped by Beech at Mojave Airport in 1990.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Model 2000: Initial production version. 20 produced including three pre-production airworthy prototypes.<ref name="FI12Nov91">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="FI09Jun92">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Model 2000A: Beech did not serialise the 2000A as a distinct model and it was not issued a new FAA type certificate.<ref name="BeechSerial">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="TypeCertificateA38CE">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The final 2000A configuration had tuning-fork-type noise dampers and improved insulation to reduce cabin noise and redesigned exhaust stacks for more efficient engine airflow. Stall strips placed on the front wing to enhance stall behavior were removed. Elimination of the stall strips reduced stall speed by up to Template:Convert, which allows the 2000A to takeoff from shorter runways.<ref name="FlyingJun93"/> The 2000 had standpipes in the fuel tanks to artificially limit fuel capacity so the aircraft would meet a target payload weight. The standpipes were removed in the 2000A, increasing fuel capacity by Template:Convert.<ref name="TypeCertificateA38CE"/> Both the maximum ramp weight and takeoff weight were increased by Template:Convert and zero fuel weight was increased Template:Convert.<ref name="TypeCertificateA38CE"/>

Beech produced a kit to upgrade serial numbers NC-4 through NC-20 to 2000A specifications.<ref name="TypeCertificateA38CE"/>

Aircraft on displayEdit

File:Beechcraft Starship Pima Air and Space Museum.jpg

Beechcraft Starship NC-23 at the Pima Air and Space Museum, Tucson, Arizona

Several Starships have been donated to museums since the decommissioning program began. The Kansas Aviation Museum received the first donated aircraft, NC-41, in August 2003<ref name="Kansas17Jan10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="FAAqueryN8382S">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the Beechcraft Heritage Museum in Tullahoma, TN, received the second donated aircraft, NC-49, in September 2003.<ref name="Heritage17Jan10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=WBJ18Sep2003>Template:Cite news</ref> NC-42 was donated to the Museum of Flight in Seattle, WA, and is currently on loan to the Future of Flight at Paine Field in Everett, WA.<ref name="MoF17Jan10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> NC-27 was donated to Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon in late 2003 and is currently on static display.<ref name="Evergreen17Jan10">Template:Cite press release</ref><ref name="Airliners17Jan10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> NC-23 is on Airline Row at the Pima Air & Space Museum.<ref name="PIMA24Jan10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> NC-6 is on display in Liberal, KS, at the Mid-America Air Museum. Aircraft NC-28 is on display at the Queensland Air Museum,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> after it was used by the Queensland Institute for Aviation Engineering in Caloundra.<ref name="QIAEnews">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="FAAqueryN786BP">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Aircraft NC-14 is on display outside at the Southern Museum of Flight.

Surviving aircraftEdit

In 2003, Evergreen Air Center sold 8 Starships back to private owners for $50,000 each. Most are being used for parts; however, one of these aircraft has since been made airworthy again.<ref name="AINOct09">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some former Starship parts have been used on the Epic turboprop kitplane.<ref name="Kitplanes05Aug">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Template:As of, nine Starships held an active registration with the FAA. Three Starships were registered in Oklahoma (NC-29, NC-35 & NC-45), one in Texas (NC-50), one in Colorado (NC-51), and four were registered to Beechcraft in Wichita, Kansas (NC-2, NC-8, NC-19 & NC-24).<ref name="FAAquerySTARSHIP">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> NC-51 was used as a chase plane during the re-entry phase of Burt Rutan's SpaceShipOne.<ref name="Goleta17Jan10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In October 2008 NC-29 was the first of the five remaining privately owned airworthy Starships to complete RVSM certification, returning the aircraft's service ceiling to the original FL410 limit.<ref name="AeroMech07Oct08">Template:Cite news</ref>

Salt Lake Community College used a Starship in their Aviation Maintenance program until late 2012 when it was sold and scrapped for parts.<ref name="SLCC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Template:As of, only six Starships were airworthy. Two Beechcraft Starships (NC-33 and NC-50) were located in Addison, Texas. NC-33 lost its data plate when it was scrapped, and was subsequently registered in Mexico; however when brought back to the US, the FAA revoked its certificate. It is now registered in the experimental category as N903SC.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The other airworthy Starships were located in Oklahoma (NC-35 and NC-45), Colorado (NC-51), and Germany (NC-29, though registered with the FAA by a company in Delaware).