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Beit She'an

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File:Air films (1937). Beisan mound LOC matpc.17062.jpg
Archaeological excavation at Tell Beth Shean in 1937. The town is seen at the top half of the picture

Beit She'an (Template:Langx {{#if:He-Bet_Shean.ogg|{{#ifexist:Media:He-Bet_Shean.ogg|<phonos file="He-Bet_Shean.ogg">Bēṯ Šəʾān</phonos>|{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "He-Bet_Shean.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handler}}}}), also known as Beisan (Template:Langx {{#if:Ar-Bisan.ogg|{{#ifexist:Media:Ar-Bisan.ogg|<phonos file="Ar-Bisan.ogg">Bisān</phonos>|{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Ar-Bisan.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handler}}}}),<ref name="Shahin"/> or Beth-shean, is a town in the Northern District of Israel. The town lies at the Beit She'an Valley about 120 m (394 feet) below sea level.

Beit She'an is believed to be one of the oldest cities in the region. It has played an important role in history due to its geographical location at the junction of the Jordan River Valley and the Jezreel Valley. Beth She'an's ancient tell contains remains beginning in the Chalcolithic period. When Canaan came under Imperial Egyptian rule in the Late Bronze Age, Beth She'an served as a major Egyptian administrative center.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city came under Israelite rule in the monarchic period. It probably fell under Philistine control during the time of Saul, when, according to the Bible, his body was displayed there along with his sons.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite book</ref>

During the Hellenistic period, the settlement was known as Scythopolis (Ancient Greek: Σκυθόπολις). After the region came under Roman rule, Scythopolis gained imperial free status and was the leading city of the Decapolis. A multi-cultural metropolis under Byzantine rule, it served as the capital of the province of Palaestina Secunda, and had a mixed population of Christians, pagans, Jews and Samaritans. After the Arab conquest of the Levant, and following a series of devastating earthquakes (most notably in 749), the city lost its prominence, and became a medium-sized country town.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The population of the town was completely changed from 1948 to 1950. It had been entirely Muslim and Christian, designated to be part of the Jewish state in the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, and was captured by the Haganah in May 1948. The battle over the town during Operation Gideon caused most of its inhabitants to flee, and the remainder were expelled.<ref name="Golan" /> The town was then resettled by Jewish immigrants.<ref name="Golan">Arnon Golan (2002) Jewish Settlement of Former Arab Towns and Their Incorporation into the Israeli Urban System (1948-50), Israel Affairs, 9:1-2, 149–164, {{#invoke:doi|main}} "The former Arab town of Beisan... Jewish troops took over the town and its environs in fighting in April and May 1948. Most of the Arab population fled at that time, while the handful of remaining residents were expelled following the town's surrender on 13 May, after which it was placed under military government. As early as June 1948 the Israeli authorities initiated a new settlement venture in the Beit Shean valley, which established three new kibbutzim by March 1949. To block any possible return of former Arab residents, the local military government began the demolition of the town's built-up area; this was halted only by the intervention of the Israeli agriculture minister, Aaron Ziesling, who opposed the demolition policy on ideological grounds... The government decided to build 1,000 new apartments in Beisan and to restore 600 former Arab dwelling units for immigrants. In April 1950 the Jewish population of Beisan, renamed in Hebrew "Beit Shean", numbered 2,000, all of them newly arrived immigrants."</ref> Today, Beit She'an serves as a regional centre for the towns in the Beit She'an Valley. The ancient city ruins are now protected within the Beit She'an National Park. The town is located near the Jordan River Crossing, one of three crossing points between Israel and Jordan.

GeographyEdit

File:PikiWiki Israel 2382 Geography of Israel בית שאן.JPG
Ancient ruins of Beit She'an

Beit She'an's location has always been strategically significant, due to its position at the junction of the Jordan River Valley and the Jezreel Valley, essentially controlling access from Jordan and the inland to the coast, as well as from Jerusalem and Jericho to the Galilee.

Beit She'an is situated on Highway 90, the north–south road which runs the length of the eastern edge of Israel and the West Bank. The city stretches over an area of 7 square kilometers with a substantial national park in the north of the city. Beit She'an has a population of 20,000.<ref>Nefesh B'Nefesh Profiles: Beit She'an</ref>

Today the town is under the administration of the Emek HaMa'ayanot Regional Council.

ClimateEdit

Beit She'an has a hot semi-arid climate, with mild, rainy winters and very hot, dry summers. Beit She'an is one of the hottest cities in Israel, due to its location in Beit She'an valley, which is part of the Jordan Valley. The annual precipitation is 305 mm, which make it the driest city in Northern Israel. The cause of the relative aridity is the location in the rain shadow of the Samaria mountains and Mount Gilboa, which blocks some of the rain from reaching the area.

History of archaeological explorationEdit

The University of Pennsylvania carried out excavations of ancient Beit She'an in 1921–1933. Relics from the Egyptian period were discovered, most of them now exhibited in the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem. Some are in the University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Excavations at the site were resumed by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1983 and then again from 1989 to 1996 under the direction of Amihai Mazar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The excavations have revealed no less than 18 successive ancient towns.<ref name= Upenn>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name= Stanford>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

Prehistory (Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods)Edit

In 1933, archaeologist G.M. FitzGerald, under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania Museum, carried out a "deep cut" on Tell el-Hisn ("castle hill"), the large tell, or mound, of Beth She'an, in order to determine the earliest occupation of the site. His results suggest that settlement began in the Late Neolithic or Early Chalcolithic periods (sixth to fifth millennia BC.)<ref>Braun, Eliot. Early Beth Shean (Strata XIX–XIII): G.M. FitzGerald's Deep Cut on the Tell, p. 28</ref> Occupation continued intermittently throughout the Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, with a likely gap during the Late Chalcolithic period (ca. 4000–3300 BC).<ref name="Braun, p.61-64">Braun, pp. 61–64</ref>

Early Bronze AgeEdit

File:BetShe'an - an ancient house of Egyptian governor.jpg
House of the Egyptian governor on Tell el-Husn

Settlement seems to have resumed at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age I (3200–3000) and continues throughout this period, is then missing during the Early Bronze Age II, and then resumes in the Early Bronze Age III.<ref name="Braun, p.61-64"/>

Middle Bronze AgeEdit

A large cemetery on the northern mound was in use from the Bronze Age to Byzantine times.<ref>Rowe, Alan. The Topography and History of Beth Shean. Philadelphia: 1930, p. v</ref> Canaanite graves dating from 2000 to 1600 BC were discovered there in 1926.<ref>Rowe, p. 2</ref>

Late Bronze AgeEdit

Egyptian periodEdit

After the conquest of Beit She'an by Pharaoh Thutmose III in the 15th century BCE, as recorded in an inscription at Karnak,<ref>No. 110: bt š'ir. Mazar, Amihai. "Tel Beth-Shean: History and Archaeology." In One God, One Cult, One Nation. Ed. R.G. Kratz and H. Spieckermann. New York: 2010, p. 239</ref> the small town on the summit of the mound became the center of the Egyptian administration of the region.<ref>Mazar 242</ref> The Egyptian newcomers changed the organization of the town and left a great deal of material culture behind. A large Canaanite temple (Template:Convert in length) excavated by the University of Pennsylvania Museum (Penn Museum) may date from about the same period as Thutmose III's conquest, though the Hebrew University excavations suggest that it dates to a later period.<ref>Rowe, 10; http://www.rehov.org/project/tel_beth_shean.htm Template:Webarchive</ref> Artifacts of potential cultic significance were found around the temple. Based on an Egyptian stele found at the place, the temple was dedicated to the god Mekal.<ref>Rowe 11</ref> The Hebrew University excavations determined that this temple was built on the site of an earlier one.<ref>Mazar 247</ref>

File:The Egyptian governor's house, 12th century BC, Scythopolis (Beit She'an), Israel (25860307202).jpg
Lion and Lioness, 14th century BC

One of the most important finds near the temple is the Lion and Lioness (or a dog<ref name="ReferenceA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>) stela, currently in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, which depicts the two playing.<ref>Lion and Lioness playing, Israel Museum</ref>

During the three hundred years of rule by the New Kingdom of Egypt, the population of Beit She'an appears to have been primarily Egyptian administrative officials and military personnel. The town was completely rebuilt, following a new layout, during the 19th dynasty.<ref>Mazar 250</ref> The Penn Museum excavations uncovered two important stelae from the period of Seti I and a monument of Ramesses II.<ref>Rowe 23–32</ref> One of those steles is particularly interesting because, according to William F. Albright,<ref>Albright W. "The smaller Beth-Shean stele of Sethos I (1309–1290 B.C.)", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Feb 1952, pp. 24–32.</ref> it testifies to the presence of a Hebrew population: the Habiru, which Seti I protected from an Asiatic tribe. Pottery was produced locally, but some was made to mimic Egyptian forms.<ref name="rehov.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other Canaanite goods existed alongside Egyptian imports, or locally made Egyptian-style objects.<ref>Mazar 256</ref> The 20th Dynasty saw the construction of large administrative buildings in Beit She'an, including "Building 1500", a small palace for the Egyptian governor.<ref>Mazar 253</ref> During the 20th Dynasty, invasions of the "Sea Peoples" upset Egypt's control over the Eastern Mediterranean. Though the exact circumstances are unclear, the entire site of Beit She'an was destroyed by fire around 1150 BC. The Egyptians did not attempt to rebuild their administrative center and finally lost control of the region.

Over 50 clay anthropoid coffins were found at the site mainly from the 13th and 12th centuries BC. Most are in the typical Egyptian style but some are of a "grotesque" type linked to the Aegean which caused earlier archaeologists to suggest they were of the "sea peoples" which pharaoh Ramses III claimed to have resettled in the region.<ref>Emanuel, Jeffrey P. “‘SEA PEOPLES’ IN EGYPTIAN GARRISONS IN LIGHT OF BETH-SHEAN, (RE-)RECONSIDERED.” Mediterranean Archaeology, vol. 28/29, 2015, pp. 1–22</ref>

Iron AgeEdit

File:Terracotta sarcophagus Beth Shean northern cemetery tomb 202A Iron IA 1200-1150 BCE Penn Museum 02.jpg
Terracotta sarcophagus Beth Shean northern cemetery tomb 202A Iron IA 1200–1150 BCE Penn Museum 02

An Iron Age I (1200–1000 BC) Canaanite city was constructed on the site of the Egyptian center shortly after its destruction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to the Hebrew Bible, around 1000 BC the town became part of the larger Israelite kingdom. 1 Kings (Template:Bibleverse) refers to Beit She'an as part of the kingdom of Solomon, though the historical accuracy of this list is debated.<ref>Mazar 263</ref> Nevertheless, recent archaeomagnetic dates suggest that the first Israelite urban settlement was established either during the Solomonic period or in the pre-Omride phase of the early kingdom of Israel at the latest, and that it was probably destroyed around 935–900 BC.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Assyrian conquest of the northern kingdom of Israel under Tiglath-Pileser III (732 BC) brought about the destruction of Beit She'an by fire.<ref name="rehov.org" />

Minimal reoccupation occurred until the Hellenistic period.<ref name="rehov.org" />

Biblical narrativeEdit

The Hebrew Bible identifies Beit She'an as where the bodies of King Saul and three of his sons were hung by the Philistines after the Battle of Gilboa.<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to the biblical narrative, the battle was fought at Mount Gilboa, around the year 1010 BC. The Philistines prevailed and Saul died in battle together with three of his sons, Jonathan, Abinadab and Malchishua, (1 Samuel and 1 Chronicles, Template:Bibleverse). Template:Bibleverse states that "the victorious Philistines hung the body of King Saul on the walls of Beit She'an". Later, the people of Jabesh-Gilead took the remnants, carried them into their city, and burned them. No archeological evidence was found of a Philistine occupation of Beit She'an, but it is possible the force only passed there.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Hellenistic periodEdit

File:Thedecapolis.png
Map of the Decapolis showing the location of Beit She'an, here called by its Greek name, Scythopolis

The Hellenistic period saw the reoccupation of the site of Beit She'an under the new name "Scythopolis" (Ancient Greek: Σκυθόπολις),<ref>Meyers & Chancey 13</ref> meaning "City of the Scythians", possibly named after the Scythian mercenaries who settled there as veterans.<ref name="Avi-Yonah 1962 pp. 123–134">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Little is known about the Hellenistic city, but during the 3rd century BCE a large temple was constructed on the tell.<ref>Rowe 44</ref> It is unknown which deity was worshipped there, but the temple continued to be used during Roman times. Graves dating from the Hellenistic period are simple, singular rock-cut tombs.<ref name="Rowe 49">Rowe 49</ref> From 301 to 198 BCE the area was under the control of the Ptolemies, and Beit She'an is mentioned in 3rd–2nd century BCE written sources describing the Syrian Wars between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid dynasties. In 198 BCE the Seleucids finally conquered the region.

Roman periodEdit

In 63 BCE, Pompey made Judea a part of the Roman Republic. Beit She'an was refounded and rebuilt by Gabinius.<ref name="Rowe 46">Rowe 46</ref> The town center shifted from the summit of the mound, or tell, to its slopes. Scythopolis prospered and became the leading city of the Decapolis, the only one west of the Jordan River.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The city flourished under the "Pax Romana", as evidenced by high-level urban planning and extensive construction, including the best preserved Roman theatre of ancient Samaria, as well as a hippodrome, a cardo and other trademarks of the Roman influence. Mount Gilboa, Template:Convert away, provided dark basalt blocks, as well as water (via an aqueduct) to the town. Beit She'an is said to have sided with the Romans during the early phase of the First Jewish–Roman War in 66 CE.<ref name="Rowe 46"/> Excavations have focused less on the Roman period ruins, so not much is known about this period.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Fix }} The Penn. University Museum excavation of the northern cemetery, however, did uncover significant finds. The Roman period tombs are of the loculus type: a rectangular rock-cut spacious chamber with smaller chambers (loculi) cut into its side.<ref name="Rowe 49"/> Bodies were placed directly in the loculi, or inside sarcophagi which were placed in the loculi. A sarcophagus with an inscription identifying its occupant in Greek as "Antiochus, the son of Phallion", may have held the cousin of Herod the Great.<ref name="Rowe 49"/> One of the most interesting Roman grave finds was a bronze incense shovel with the handle in the form of an animal leg, or hoof, now in the University of Pennsylvania Museum.<ref>Rowe 53</ref>

  • ROMAN THEATER BEIT SHE'AN.JPG

    The Roman theatre

  • Roman street in Bet She'an National Park, Israel.jpg

    Roman cardo

  • Bet She'an hypocaust.jpg

    Roman baths

Byzantine periodEdit

File:Beit Shean Mosaic.jpg
Mosaic from 5th–7th century synagogue in northern Beit Shean, possibly Samaritan, Israel Museum<ref>Synagogue floor: Beth Shean synagogue, ay IMJ website, accessed 16 July 2019</ref>

Copious archaeological remains were found dating to the Byzantine Empire (330–636) and were excavated by the Penn Museum from 1921 to 1923. A rotunda church was constructed on top of the tell, and a wall enclosed the entire city.<ref name="Rowe 50">Rowe 50</ref> Textual sources mention several other churches in the town.<ref name="Rowe 50" /> Scythopolis was primarily Christian, as attested to by many churches, but evidence of Jewish habitation and a Samaritan synagogue indicate established communities of these minorities. The pagan temples in the city center went out of use, but the nymphaeum and the thermae were restored, and a Sigma-shaped complex was added.<ref>https://dannythedigger.com/beit-shean-sigma/</ref> Many of the buildings of Scythopolis were damaged in the 363 Galilee earthquake. In 409, Syria Palaestina was divided and Scythopolis became the capital of the northern region of Palaestina Secunda.<ref name="Rowe 45">Rowe 45</ref> and the See of Scythopolis was the Metropolitan archdiocese.

Dedicatory inscriptions indicate a preference for donations to religious buildings. Many colourful mosaics were preserved, such as that featuring the zodiac in the Lady Mary's Monastery, or the one with a temple menorah and the phrase shalom in the House of Leontius synagogue. The Samaritan synagogue's mosaic was unique in its aniconic abstention from human or animal images, instead using floral and geometrical motifs. Elaborate decorations were also found in the settlement's many luxurious villas, and in the 6th century especially, the city reached its maximum size of 40,000 and spread beyond its period city walls.<ref name="Rowe 45" />

The Byzantine-era portion of the northern cemetery was excavated in 1926. The tombs from this period consisted of small rock-cut halls with vaulted graves on three sides.<ref name="Rowe 52">Rowe 52</ref> A great variety of objects were found in the tombs, including terracotta figurines possibly depicting the Virgin and Child, many terracotta lamps, glass mirrors, bells, tools, knives, finger rings, iron keys, glass beads, bone hairpins, and many other items.<ref name="Rowe 52" />

Influential Christian personalities who lived or passed through Scythopolis are Procopius of Scythopolis (died July 7, 303), Cyril of Scythopolis (ca. 525–559), Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 310/320–403) and Joseph of Tiberias (c. 285 – c. 356) who met there around the year 355.

Early Muslim periodEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In 634, Byzantine forces were defeated by the Rashidun army under the Rashid caliph Umar, and the city reverted to its Semitic name, being named Baysan in Arabic. The day of victory came to be known in Arabic as Yawm Baysan "day of Baysan."<ref name="Shahin"/> The city was not damaged; newly arrived Muslims lived alongside the Christian population until the 8th century. The town formed one of the districts of Jund al-Urdunn, itself a part of the Bilad al-Sham, until the Crusades.<ref>le Strange, 1890, p. 30</ref>

The city declined; structures were built in the streets, narrowing them to mere alleys, and makeshift shops were opened among the colonnades. The city reached a low point in the 8th century, witnessed by the removal of marble for producing lime, the blocking off of the main street, and the conversion of a main plaza into a cemetery.<ref name=JVL>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

However, some recently discovered counter-evidence may be offered to this picture of decline. In common with state-directed building work carried out in other towns and cities in the region during the 720s,<ref>A. Walmsley, "Economic Developments and the Nature of Settlement in the Towns and Countryside of Syria-Palestine, ca. 565–800", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61 (2007), especially pp. 344–345.</ref> Baysan's commercial infrastructure was refurbished: its main colonnaded market street, once thought to date to the sixth century, is now known—based on a mosaic inscription—to be a redesign dating from the time of the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724–43).<ref>E. Khamis, "Two wall mosaic inscriptions from the Umayyad market place in Bet Shean/Baysan", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 64 (2001), pp. 159–176.</ref> Al-Bakri of al-Andalus noted that the wine produced there was delicious.<ref name="Shahin"/>

On January 18, 749, Umayyad Baysan was devastated by a catastrophic earthquake. A few residential neighborhoods grew among the ruins, probably established by the survivors, but the city never recovered its magnificence. The city center moved to the southern hill, where the Crusaders later built a castle.<ref name="Death">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Jerusalemite historian al-Muqaddasi visited Baysan in 985, during the Abbasid Caliphate and wrote that it was "on the river, with plentiful palm trees, and water, though somewhat heavy (brackish.)" He further noted that Baysan was notable for its indigo, rice, dates, and grape syrup known as dibs.<ref>le Strange, 1890, pp. 18–19.</ref> Its principal mosque was situated in the center of its marketplace.<ref>le Strange, 1890, p. 411</ref>

Crusader periodEdit

File:Beyt-Shean-old-city-706.jpg
Crusader castle with moat and inner tower.

In the Crusader period, the Lordship of Bessan was occupied by Tancred, Prince of Galilee in 1099; it was never part of the Principality of Galilee, despite its location, but became a royal domain of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1101, probably until around 1120. According to the Lignages d'Outremer, the first Crusader lord of Bessan once it became part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was Adam, a younger son of Robert III de Béthune, peer of Flanders and head of the House of Béthune. His descendants were known by the family name de Bessan.

It occasionally passed back under royal control until new lords were created. The town became part of the Belvoir fiefdom.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A small Crusader fortress surrounded by a moat was built in the area southeast of the Roman theatre, where the diminished town had relocated after the 749 earthquake.<ref name="Death"/> The fortress was destroyed by Saladin in 1183.<ref name= Negev>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

During the 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut, retreating Mongol forces passed near the town, but did not enter it.

Mamluk periodEdit

File:Plan of Beisan-Scythopolis from the 1871-77 Palestine Exploration Fund Survey of Palestine.jpg
Plan of Beisan-Scythopolis from the 1871–1877 PEF Survey of Palestine

Under Mamluk rule, Beit She'an was the principal town in the district of Damascus and a relay station for the postal service between Damascus and Cairo. It was also the capital of sugar cane processing for the region. Jisr al-Maqtu'a, "the truncated/cut-off bridge", a bridge consisting of a single arch spanning Template:Convert and hung Template:Convert above a stream, was built during that period.<ref name=Shahin164>Shahin, 2005, p. 164</ref>

Ottoman periodEdit

File:12בית שאן.jpg
Ottoman Saraya

During this period, the inhabitants of Baysan were mainly Muslim, but there were some Jews. The 14th century topographer Ishtori Haparchi settled there and completed his work "Bulb and Flower" (Template:Langx) in 1322, the first Hebrew book on the geography of the Land of Israel.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Britannica">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

During the 400 years of Ottoman rule, Baysan lost its regional importance. During the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II when the Jezreel Valley railway, which was part of the Haifa to Damascus extension of the Hejaz railway was constructed, a limited revival took place. The local peasant population was largely impoverished by the Ottoman feudal land system, which leased tracts of land to tenants and collected taxes from them for their use.<ref name="Shahin"/>

The Swiss–German traveler Johann Ludwig Burckhardt described Beisan in 1812: "The present village of Bysan contains seventy or eighty houses; its inhabitants are in a miserable condition, from being exposed to the depredations of the Bedouins of the Ghor, to whom they also pay a heavy tribute."<ref name="Burckhardt1822">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1870/1871, an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Shafa al-Shamali.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:ISBN?</ref>

In the early 20th century, though still a tiny and obscure village, Beisan was known for its plentiful water supply, fertile soil, and producing olives, grapes, figs, almonds, apricots, and apples.<ref name="Shahin" />

British Mandate periodEdit

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Under the Mandate, the city was the center of the District of Baysan. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Beit She'an (Baisan) had a population of 1,941, consisting of 1,687 Muslims, 41 Jews and 213 Christians.<ref name=Census1922>Barron, 1923, p. 6</ref>

In 1934, Lawrence of Arabia noted that "Bisan is now a purely Arab village," where "very fine views of the river can be had from the housetops." He further noted that "many nomad and Bedouin encampments, distinguished by their black tents, were scattered about the riverine plain, their flocks and herds grazing round them."<ref name="Shahin"/> Beisan was home to a mainly Mizrahi Jewish community of 95 until 1936, when the 1936–1939 Arab revolt saw Beisan serve as a center of Arab attacks on Jews in Palestine.<ref name=Britannica/><ref name=Haaretz>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> In 1938, after learning of the murder of his close friend and Jewish leader Haim Sturmann, Orde Wingate led his men on an offensive in the Arab section of Baysan, the rebels’ suspected base.<ref name="Azure">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

According to population surveys conducted in British Mandate Palestine, Beisan consisted of 5,080 Muslim Arabs out of a population of 5,540 (92% of the population), with the remainder being listed as Christians.<ref name="Domino">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1945, the surrounding District of Baysan consisted of 16,660 Muslims (67%), 7,590 Jews (30%), and 680 Christians (3%); and Arabs owned 44% of land, Jews owned 34%, and 22% constituted public lands. The 1947 UN Partition Plan allocated Beisan and most of its district to the proposed Jewish state.<ref name="Shahin"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite map</ref>

  • PikiWiki Israel 47183 General view Beit Shean.jpg

    Beisan in 1936

  • AN AERIAL PHOTO OF THE SETTLEMENT BEIT SHE'AN. צילום אויר של היישוב בית שאן.D332-054.jpg

    Beit She’an 1939

  • PikiWiki Israel 7273 עין הנציquot;ב עולה להתיישבות.jpg

    Pioneers of Kibbutz Ein Hanatziv settle in Bet She'an, 1946

1948 Palestine warEdit

Template:Further

Jewish forces and local Bedouins first clashed during the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine in February and March 1948, part of Operation Gideon,<ref name="Shahin"/> itself part of Plan Dalet.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Joseph Weitz, a leading Yishuv figure, wrote in his diary on May 4, 1948, that, "The Beit Shean Valley is the gate for our state in the Galilee...[I]ts clearing is the need of the hour."<ref name="Shahin"/>

Beisan, then an Arab village, fell to the Jewish militias three days before the end of the Mandate. After Israel's Declaration of Independence in May 1948, during intense shelling by Syrian border units, followed by the recapture of the valley by the Haganah, the Arab inhabitants fled across the Jordan River.<ref>WPN Tyler, State lands and rural development in mandatory Palestine, 1920–1948, p. 79</ref>Template:Better source needed The property and buildings abandoned after the conflict were then held by the State of Israel.<ref name=Shahin/> Most Arab Christians relocated to Nazareth.Template:Citation needed

Historian Saleh Abdel Jawad claims that Beisan experienced a massacre via aerial bombardment by Israeli forces that was "entirely without military justification" and which was used as "a tool of expulsion".Template:Refn

State of IsraelEdit

File:War memorial in Bet She'an.JPG
War monument, Al Mansfeld, 1960
File:PikiWiki Israel 11131 Neighborhood.jpg
A neighborhood in Beit She'an

A ma'abarah (immigration camp) inhabited mainly by North African Jewish olim (immigrants) <ref>Template:Cite book</ref> was erected in Beit She'an, and it later became a development town.

From 1969, Beit She'an was a target for Katyusha rockets and mortar attacks from Jordan.<ref>"Jordanian katusha, bazuka and mortar attack on Beit She'an", Maariv, 22 Jun 1969, scan source: Historical Jewish press</ref> In the 1974 Beit She'an attack, militants of the Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, took over an apartment building and murdered a family of four.<ref name="Haaretz"/>

In 1999, Beit She'an was incorporated as a city.<ref name="7wonders">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Geographically, it lies in the middle of the Emek HaMaayanot Regional Council, formerly the Beit She'an Valley Regional Council.<ref name="Foeme">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Beit She'an was the hometown and political power base of David Levy, an Israeli politician.

During the Second Intifada, in the 2002 Beit She'an attack, six Israelis were killed and over 30 were injured by two Palestinian militants, who opened fire and threw grenades at a polling station in the center of Bet She'an where party members were voting in the Likud primary.

SeismicityEdit

Beit She'an is located above the Dead Sea Transform (a fault system that forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east) and is one of the cities in Israel most at risk to earthquakes (along with Kiryat Shmona, Safed, Tiberias, and Eilat).<ref>Experts Warn: Major Earthquake Could Hit Israel Any Time By Rachel Avraham, staff writer for United With Israel 

Date: Oct 22, 2013</ref> Historically, the city was destroyed in the Golan earthquake of 749.

DemographicsEdit

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the population of the municipality was Template:Israel populations at the end of Template:Israel populations.Template:Israel populations In 2005, the ethnic makeup of the city was 99.5% Jewish and other non-Arab (97.3% Jewish), with no significant Arab population. See Population groups in Israel. The population breakdown by gender was 8,200 males and 8,100 females.<ref name="profile">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The age distribution was as follows:

Age 0–4 5–9 10–14 15–19 20–29 30–44 45–59 60–64 65–74 75+
Percentage 9.9 9.4 9.4 9.4 17.6 17.7 16.7 2.7 4.4 2.8
Source: Israel Central Bureau of Statistics<ref name="profile" />

EconomyEdit

File:PikiWiki Israel 11342 Bet Shean Municipality.jpg
Beit She'an municipality
File:PikiWiki Israel 2358 Geography of Israel בית שאן.JPG
Beit She'an park
File:Leumi8815.JPG
Bank Leumi branch in Beit She'an

Beit She'an is a center of cotton-growing, and many of residents are employed in the cotton fields of the surrounding kibbutzim. Other local industries include a textile mill and clothing factory.<ref name=Britannica/>

TourismEdit

Ancient Beit She'an, one of the most spectacular Roman and Byzantine sites in Israel, is a major tourist attraction.<ref name= Mfa>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

When the ancient city of Beit She'an was opened to the public in the 1990s and turned into a national park, tourism became a major sector of the economy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

TransportationEdit

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }}

File:Beit She'an New Railway Station.jpg
New railway station, Beit She'an

Beit She'an had a railway station that opened in 1904 on the Jezreel Valley railway which was an extension of the Hejaz railway. This station closed together with the rest of the Jezreel Valley railway in 1948.

In 2011–2016 the valley railway was rebuilt and the new Beit She'an railway station,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> located at the same site as the historical station was opened. Passenger service offered at the station connects the city to Afula, Haifa and destinations in between. In addition to passenger service, the station also includes a freight rail terminal.

SportsEdit

The local football club, Hapoel Beit She'an spent several seasons in the top division in the 1990s, but folded in 2006 after several relegations. Maccabi Beit She'an currently plays in Liga Bet.Template:Citation needed

Notable peopleEdit

Twin towns – sister citiesEdit

Beit She'an is twinned with:

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Historic imagesEdit

  • PikiWiki Israel 14982 רכבת העמק התחנה בבית שאן.jpg

    Historic railway station, 1930s

  • Beit She'an ii.jpg

    Beit She'an after conquest, 1948

  • Beit She'an iii.jpg

    Ottoman Saray building used by Yiftach Brigade as company barracks, 1948

  • Beit Shean 2.jpg

    Beit Shean ruins

  • Lions Playing Beit Shean, Israel roundabout.jpg

    Lions playing sculpture, roundabout in Beit Shean

  • Bet Shean (997009325237605171.jpg

    Beit She'an in 1970

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

BibliographyEdit

Further readingEdit

  • Bet She’an, Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.

University of Pennsylvania excavationsEdit

  • Braun, Eliot [2004], Early Beth Shan (Strata XIX-XIII) – G.M. FitzGerald's Deep Cut on the Tell, [University Museum Monograph 121], Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum, 2004. Template:ISBN
  • Fisher, C. [1923], Beth-Shan Excavations of the University Museum Expedition, 1921–1923", Museum Journal 14 (1923), pp. 229–231.
  • FitzGerald, G .M. [1931], Beth-shan Excavations 1921–23: the Arab and Byzantine Levels, Beth-shan III, University Museum: Philadelphia, 1931.
  • FitzGerald, G. M. [1932], "Excavations at Beth-Shan in 1931", PEFQS 63 (1932), pp. 142–145.
  • Rowe, A., [1930], The Topography and History of Beth-Shan, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1930.
  • Rowe, A., [1940], The Four Canaanite Temples of Beth-shan, Beth-shan II:1, University Museum: Philadelphia, 1940.
  • James, Frances W. & McGovern, Patrick E. [1993], The Late Bronze Egyptian Garrison at Beth Shan: a Study of Levels VII and VIII, 2 volumes, [University Museum Monograph 85], Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania & University of Mississippi, 1993. Template:ISBN

Hebrew University Jerusalem excavationsEdit

  • Mazar, Amihai [2006], Excavations at Tel Beth Shean 1989–1996, Volume I: From the Late Bronze Age IIB to the Medieval Period, Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society / Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2006.
  • Mazar, A. and Mullins, Robert (eds) [2007], Excavations at Tel Beth Shean 1989–1996, Volume II: The Middle and Late Bronze Age Strata in Area R, Jerusalem: IES / HUJ, 2007.

GeneralEdit

  • Finkelstein, I. [1996], "The Stratigraphy and Chronology of Megiddo and Beth-Shan in the 12th–11th Centuries BCE", TA 23 (1996), pp. 170–184.
  • Garfinkel, Yosef [1987], "The Early Iron Age Stratigraphy of Beth Shean Reconsidered", IEJ 37 (1987), pp. 224–228.
  • Geva, Shulamit [1979], "A Reassessment of the Chronology of Beth Shean Strata V and IV", IEJ 29 (1979), pp. 6–10.
  • Greenberg, Raphael [2003], "Early Bronze Age Megiddo and Beth Shean: Discontinuous Settlement in Sociopolitical Context", JMA 16.1 (2003), pp. 17–32.
  • Hankey, V. [1966], "Late Mycenaean Pottery at Beth-Shan", AJA 70 (1966), pp. 169–171.
  • Higginbotham, C. [1999], "The Statue of Ramses III from Beth Shean", TA 26 (1999), pp. 225–232.
  • Horowitz, Wayne [1994], "Trouble in Canaan: A Letter of the el-Amarna Period on a Clay Cylinder from Beth Shean", Qadmoniot 27 (1994), pp. 84–86 (Hebrew).
  • Horowitz, Wayne [1996], "An Inscribed Clay Cylinder from Amarna Age Beth Shean", IEJ 46 (1996), pp. 208–218.
  • McGovern, Patrick E. [1987], “Silicate Industries of Late Bronze-Early Iron Age Palestine: Technological Interaction between New Kingdom Egypt and the Levant", in Bimson, M. & Freestone, LC. (eds), Early Vitreous Materials, [British Museum Occasional Papers 56], London: British Museum Press, 1987, pp. 91–114.
  • McGovern, Patrick E. [1989], "Cross-Cultural Craft Interaction: the Late Bronze Egyptian Garrison at Beth Shan", in McGovern, P.E. (ed,), Cross-Craft and Cultural Interactions in Ceramics, [Ceramics and Civilisation 4, ed. Kingery, W.D.], Westerville: American Ceramic Society, 1989, pp. 147–194.
  • McGovern, Patrick E. [1990], "The Ultimate Attire: Jewelry from a Canaanite Temple at Beth Shan", Expedition 32 (1990), pp. 16–23.
  • McGovern, Patrick E. [1994], "Were the Sea Peoples at Beth Shan?", in Lemche, N.P. & Müller, M. (eds), Fra dybet: Festskrift until John Strange, [Forum for Bibelsk Eksegese 5], Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanus and University of Copenhagen, 1994, pp. 144–156.
  • Khamis, E., "Two wall mosaic inscriptions from the Umayyad market place in Bet Shean/Baysan", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 64 (2001), pp. 159–76.
  • McGovern, P.E., Fleming, S.J. & Swann, C.P. [1993], "The Late Bronze Egyptian Garrison at Beth Shan: Glass and Faience Production and Importation in the Late New Kingdom", BASOR 290-91 (1993), pp. 1–27.
  • Mazar, A., Ziv-Esudri, Adi and Cohen-Weinberger, Anet [2000], "The Early Bronze Age II–III at Tel Beth Shean: Preliminary Observations", in Philip, G. and Baird, D. (eds), Ceramics and Change in the Early Bronze Age of the Southern Levant, [Levantine Archaeology 2], Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000, pp. 255–278.
  • Mazar, Amihai [1990], "The Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean", Eretz-Israel 21 (1990), pp. 197–211 (יברית).
  • Mazar, Amihai [1992], "Temples of the Middle and Late Bronze Ages and the Iron Age", in Kempinski, A. and Reich, R. (eds), The Architecture of Ancient Israel from the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods — in Memory of Immanual (Munya) Dunayevsky, Jerusalem: IES, 1992, pp. 161–187.
  • Mazar, Amihai [1993a], "The Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean in 1989–1990", in Biran, A. and Aviram, J. (eds), Biblical Archaeology Today, 1990 – Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem, 1990, Jerusalem: IES, 1993, pp. 606–619.
  • Mazar, Amihai [1993b], "Beth Shean in the Iron Age: Preliminary Report and Conclusions of the 1990–1991 Excavations", IEJ 43.4 (1993), pp. 201–229.
  • Mazar, Amihai [1994], "Four Thousand Years of History at Tel Beth-Shean", Qadmoniot 27.3–4 (1994), pp. 66–83 (יברית).
  • [1997a], "Four Thousand Years of History at Tel Beth-SheanTemplate:SndAn Account of the Renewed Excavations", BA 60.2 (1997), pp. 62–76.
  • Mazar, Amihai [1997b], "The Excavations at Tel Beth Shean during the Years 1989–94", in Silberman, N.A. and Small, D. (eds), The Archaeology of Israel – Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present, [JSOT Supplement Series 237], Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997, pp. 144–164.
  • Mazar, Amihai [2003], "Beth Shean in the Second Millennium BCE: From Canaanite Town to Egyptian Stronghold", in Bietak, M. (ed.), The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the SEcond Millennium BC, II. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000-EuroConference Haindorf, 2–7 May 2001, Vienna, 2003, pp. 323–339.
  • Mazar, Amihai [2006], "Tel Beth-Shean and the Fate of Mounds in the Intermediate Bronze Age", in Gitin, S., Wright, J.E. and Dessel, J.P. (eds), Confronting the Past—Archaeological and Historical Essays on Ancient Israel in Honor of William G. Dever, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2006, pp. 105–118. Template:ISBN
  • Mullins, Robert A. [2006], "A Corpus of Eighteenth Dynasty Egyptian-Style Pottery from Tel Beth-Shean", in Maeir, A.M. and Miroschedji, P. de (eds), "I Will Speak the Riddle of Ancient Times"Template:SndArchaeological and Historical Studies in Honor of Amihai Mazar on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday, Vol. 1, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2006, pp. 247–262. Template:ISBN
  • Oren, Eliezer D. [1973], The Northern Cemetery of Beth-Shean, [Museum Monograph of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania], E.J. Brill: Leiden, 1973.Template:ISBN?
  • Porter, R.M. [1994–1995], "Dating the Beth Shean Temple Sequence", Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum 7 (1994–95), pp. 52–69.
  • Porter, R.M. [1998], "An Egyptian Temple at Tel Beth Shean and Ramesses IV", in Eyre, C. (ed.), Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists, Cambridge, 3–9 September 1995, [Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 82], Uitgeverij Peeters: Leuven, 1998, pp. 903–910.
  • Sweeney, Deborah [1998], "The Man on the Folding Chair: An Egyptian Relief from Beth Shean", IEJ 48 (1998), pp. 38–53.
  • Template:Cite book
  • Walmsley, A., 0Economic Developments and the Nature of Settlement in the Towns and Countryside of Syria-Palestine, ca. 565–800", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61 (2007), pp. 319–352.

External linksEdit

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