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Bidens

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Bidens is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae.<ref name="fna">Bidens. Flora of North America.</ref> The genus include roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide.<ref name=":0">Knope, M. L., Funk, V. A., Johnson, M. A., Wagner, W. L., Datlof, E. M., Johnson, G., ... & Carlquist, S. (2020). Dispersal and adaptive radiation of Bidens (Compositae) across the remote archipelagoes of Polynesia. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 58(6), 805-822.</ref> Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Ganders, F. R., Berbee, M., & Perseyedi, M. (2000). ITS base sequence phylogeny in Bidens (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan Bidens. Systematic Botany, 25(1), 122-133.</ref> The common names beggarticks, black jack, burr marigolds, cobbler's pegs, Spanish needles, stickseeds, tickseeds and tickseed sunflowers refer to the fruits of the plants, most of which are bristly and barbed. The generic name refers to the same character; Bidens comes from the Latin bi ("two") and dens ("tooth").<ref name="fna" />

Phylogeny, taxonomy and diversityEdit

File:Bidens cernua.jpeg
Bidens cernua

Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The genus include roughly 230 species.<ref name="nsw" /><ref name="jeps">Bidens. The Jepson eFlora 2013.</ref>

Bidens is closely related to the American genus Coreopsis, and the genera are sometimes difficult to tell apart; in addition, neither is monophyletic.<ref name="craw">Crawford, D. J. and M. E. Mort. (2005). Phylogeny of Eastern North American Coreopsis (Asteraceae-Coreopsideae): insights from nuclear and plastid sequences, and comments on character evolution. American Journal of Botany 92(2), 330-36.</ref>

SpeciesEdit

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Formerly placed hereEdit

DistributionEdit

Bidens includes roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide<ref name=":0" /> throughout many tropical and warm temperate regions.<ref name="nsw">Bidens. New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.</ref> Species occur in the Americas, Africa, Polynesia, Europe and Asia.<ref name="gand">Ganders, F. R., et al. (2000). ITS base sequence phylogeny in Bidens (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan Bidens. Systematic Botany 25(1) 122-33.</ref>

Bidens are zoochorous; their seeds will stick to clothing, fur or feathers, and be carried to new habitat. This has enabled them to colonize a wide range, including many oceanic islands. Some of these species occur only in a very restricted range and several are now threatened with extinction, notably in the Hawaiian Islands. Due to the absence of native mammals on these islands, some of the oceanic island taxa have reduced burrs, evolving features that seem to aid in dispersal by the wind instead.

Human use and interactionsEdit

Nodding beggarticks (B. cernua) and hairy beggarticks (B. pilosa) are useful as honey plants. Several Bidens species are used as food by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, such as the noctuid moth Hypercompe hambletoni and the brush-footed butterfly Vanessa cardui, the painted lady.

The Bidens mottle virus, a plant pathogen, was first isolated from B. pilosa, and it infects many other Asteraceae and plants of other families.

Native Hawaiians drink a special tea out of their leaves (known collectively as koʻokoʻolau)<ref name=":02">Template:Cite journal</ref> back when they were abundant in Hawaii.

Photo galleryEdit

  • Bidens tripartita 003.jpg
  • Bidens biternata W IMG 2942.jpg
  • Flor blanca (Bidens alba).jpg
  • Bidens frondosa, 2021-09-15, Bird Park, 02.jpg
  • BidensFrondosa9.jpg
  • Bidens cernua SCA-6457.jpg
  • Bidens cernua sl27.jpg

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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