Bilabial click
Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA Template:Infobox IPA
The bilabial clicks are a family of click consonants that sound like a smack of the lips. They are found as phonemes only in the small Tuu language family (currently two languages, one down to its last speaker), in the ǂ’Amkoe language of Botswana (also moribund), and in the extinct Damin ritual jargon of Australia. However, bilabial clicks are found paralinguistically for a kiss in various languages, including integrated into a greeting in the Hadza language of Tanzania, and as allophones of labial–velar stops in some West African languages (Ladefoged 1968), as of /mw/ in some of the languages neighboring Shona, such as Ndau and Tonga.
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is Template:Angbr IPA. This may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks. An uncommon para-IPA letter for bilabial clicks is a turned b with hook, Template:Angbr IPA.<ref>E.g. in Larry Mattes & Donald Omark (1984) Speech and language assessment for the bilingual handicapped. College-Hill Press, San Diego, p. 132.</ref>
Bilabial click consonants and their transcriptionEdit
In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a Template:Angbr IPA via a tie bar, though Template:Angbr IPA is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript Template:Angbr IPA without the tie bar, again often neglecting the Template:Angbr IPA. Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; this does not distinguish velar from uvular labial clicks. Common labial clicks in these three transcriptions are:
| Trans. I | Trans. II | Trans. III | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| (velar) | |||
| Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | tenuis bilabial click |
| Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | aspirated bilabial click |
| Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | voiced bilabial click |
| Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | bilabial nasal click |
| Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | aspirated bilabial nasal click |
| Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | glottalized bilabial nasal click |
| (uvular) | |||
| Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | tenuis bilabial click | |
| Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | aspirated bilabial click | |
| Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | voiced bilabial click | |
| Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | bilabial nasal click | |
| Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | aspirated bilabial nasal click | |
| Template:Angbr IPA | Template:Angbr IPA | glottalized bilabial nasal click | |
The last is what is heard in the sound sample at right, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them.
Damin also had an egressive bilabial {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which may be an egressive click (if it is not buccal) and which is always followed by another consonant ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}).<ref>Hale, Ken and Nash, David. Damin and Lardil Phonotactics. Australian National University Open Research Repository. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/253893/1/PL-C136.247.pdf</ref>
FeaturesEdit
Features of ingressive labial clicks:
- The forward place of articulation is labial, which means it is articulated with the lips. The release is a noisy, affricate-like sound. Bilabial articulation, using both lips, is typical. Sometimes this may pass through a labio-dental stage as the click is released, making it noisier.<ref>Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:251)</ref> In other cases, the lower lip may start out in contact with both the upper teeth and the upper lip.<ref>Miller, 2007, The Sounds of Nǀuu, pp 121ff</ref>
Template:Oral-nasal Template:Central-lateral Template:Lingual airstream (One of the two labial clicks in Damin is lingual egressive, which means that the trapped air pocket is compressed by the tongue until it is allowed to spurt out through the lips.)
The labial clicks are sometimes erroneously described as sounding like a kiss. However, they do not have the pursed lips of a kiss. Instead, the lips are compressed, more like a {{#invoke:IPA|main}} than a {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and they sound more like a noisy smack of the lips than a kiss.
SymbolEdit
The bullseye or bull's eye ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) symbol used in phonetic transcription of the phoneme was made an official part of the International Phonetic Alphabet in 1979, but had existed for at least 50 years earlier. It is encoded in Unicode as Template:Unichar. The superscript IPA version is Template:Unichar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Similar graphemes consisting of a circled dot encoded by Unicode are:
- Gothic 𐍈, hwair
- astronomical symbol ☉ "Sun"
- mathematical operators Template:Unichar and Template:Unichar
- geometrical symbol Template:Unichar
- Cyrillic Ꙩ, ꙩ (monocular O)
The para-IPA letter Template:Angbr IPA is covered by Template:Unichar.
OccurrenceEdit
English does not have a labial click (or any click consonant, for that matter) as a phoneme, but a plain bilabial click does occur in mimesis, as a lip-smacking sound children use to imitate a fish.
Labial clicks only occur in the Tuu and Kx'a families of southern Africa, and in the Australian ritual language Damin.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan) | {{#invoke:IPA|main}} | 'two' | |
| Damin | lang}} | main}} = {{#invoke:IPA|main}} | 'vegetable' |
| Taa (ǃXóõ) | {{#invoke:IPA|main}} | 'child' | |
| Nǁng (Nǀuu) | ʘũu | 'son' | |
OriginsEdit
Labial clicks may have arisen historically from labialization of other places of articulation. Starostin (2003)<ref>George Starostin (2003) A lexicostatistical approach towards reconstructing Proto-Khoisan, page 22. Mother Tongue, vol. VIII.</ref> notes that the ǂ’Amkoe words for 'one' and 'two', {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, have labial clicks whereas no other Khoisan language has a labial consonant of any kind in its words for these numerals, and Starostin (2007)<ref>George Starostin (2007) 'Лабиальные кликсы в койсанских языках' ('On labial clicks')</ref> and Sands reconstruct a series of labialized clicks in Proto-Kxʼa, which became labial clicks in ǂ’Amkoe. In Hadza, the word for 'kiss', {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, becomes a mimetic {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in greetings.<ref>Anywire, Bala, Miller & Sands (2013) A Hadza Lexicon, ms.</ref>