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Biloxi, Mississippi

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Biloxi (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi, United States. It lies on the Gulf Coast in southern Mississippi, bordering the city of Gulfport to its west. The adjacent cities are both designated as seats of Harrison County. The population of Biloxi was 49,449 at the 2020 census, making it the state's fourth-most populous city. It is a principal city of the Gulfport–Biloxi metropolitan area, home to 416,259 residents in 2020. The area's first European settlers were French colonists.

The beachfront of Biloxi lies directly on the Mississippi Sound, with barrier islands scattered off the coast and into the Gulf of Mexico. Keesler Air Force Base lies within the city and is home to the 81st Training Wing and the 403rd Wing of the U.S. Air Force Reserve.

HistoryEdit

Colonial eraEdit

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File:Gallica Biloxy map zoom biloxy.jpg
Old Biloxi (site B) and New Biloxi (site A), French map, beginning of 18th century

In 1699, French colonists formed the first permanent, European settlement in French Louisiana, at Fort Maurepas, now in Ocean Springs, Mississippi, and referred to as "Old Biloxi". The settlement was under the direction of Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville. La Louisiane was separated from Spanish Florida at the Perdido River near Pensacola (this was founded by the Spanish 1559 and again in 1698).

The name of Biloxi in French was Bilocci, a transliteration of the term for the local Native American tribe in their language. Labeled along with "Fort Maurepas"<ref name=enquete/> on maps dated circa year 1710/1725, the name was sometimes used in English as "Fort Bilocci".<ref name="rmaps1">"Pas-Kaart Van de Golff van Mexico" (map from Amsterdam/1710), 

Edge of the Map Incorporated, 2007, webpage:
Raremaps-Archive-3176 Template:Webarchive.</ref><ref name="rmaps2">"A New Map of as much of North & South America" (London/1725),
Edge of the Map Incorporated, 2007, webpage:
Raremaps-Archive-7278 Template:Webarchive.</ref>

In 1720, the area of today's city of Biloxi was settled for the first time around Fort Louis, and the administrative capital of French Louisiana was moved to Biloxi from Mobile. French Louisiana, part of New France, was known in French as La Louisiane in colonial times. In modern times it is called La Louisiane française to distinguish it from the modern state of Louisiana.<ref name="enquete">"La Louisiane française" (in French), by Virginie Tanlay, from book Histoire de la Louisiane, flfa-enquete7 Template:Webarchive: states that Iberville chose "le site de Bilocci" (or Biloxi) </ref>

Due to fears of tides and hurricanes, colonial governor Bienville moved the capital of French Louisiana in 1722 from Biloxi to a new inland harbor town named La Nouvelle-Orléans (New Orleans), built for this purpose in 1718–1720.Template:Citation needed

In 1763, following Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War/French and Indian War, France had to cede their colonies east of the Mississippi River, except for New Orleans, to Great Britain, as part of the Treaty of Paris. At the same time, the French colony west of the Mississippi, plus New Orleans, was ceded to Spain as part of the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

Subsequent historyEdit

File:Mississippi - Biloxi - NARA - 23941655 (cropped).jpg
Aerial view, 1932

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British rule lasted from 1763 to 1779, followed by Spanish rule from 1779 to 1810. Despite this, the character of Biloxi remained mostly French, as their descendants made up the majority of the population.<ref name="hco">"Biloxi: A Historic & Cultural Overview". City of Biloxi historical pamphlet, 2003.</ref> In 1811, the U.S. traded with Spain to take over Biloxi and the related area, making it part of their Mississippi Territory. Mississippi, and Biloxi with it, was admitted as a state to the union in 1817.

Biloxi began to grow. In the antebellum period of the 19th century, it became known as a summer resort due to its proximity to the breezes and beaches of the coast. It also had the advantages of proximity to New Orleans and ease of access via water. Summer homes were built by wealthy slave-owners and commercial figures, and hotels and rental cottages were developed to serve those who could not afford their own homes.<ref name="hco"/>

The Biloxi Lighthouse was built in Baltimore, Maryland, and shipped south, where it was completed at the site in May 1848.<ref name="blh">"Biloxi Lighthouse". City of Biloxi historical datasheet, 2003.</ref> (It is one of two surviving lighthouses on the Mississippi Gulf Coast, which at one time had twelve.<ref name="blh"/>)

In the early stages of the Civil War, Ship Island was captured by Union forces, enabling them to take control of Biloxi. No major battles were fought in the area, and Biloxi did not suffer direct damage from the war.<ref name="hco"/> Some local Union sentiment could be discerned following the war's conclusion.<ref name="blh"/>

In the postbellum period, Biloxi again emerged as a vacation spot. Its popularity as a destination increased with railroad access. In 1881, the first cannery was built in the town to process seafood, leading others to join the location. This stimulated development in the city and attracted new immigrants from Europe and various ethnic groups who worked in the seafood factories. They processed shrimp and other local seafood. These changes gave Biloxi a more heterogeneous population.<ref name="hco"/>

File:Howard Street Biloxi Mississippi 1906.jpg
Looking West down Howard Avenue at Lameuse Street, 1906
File:8 year old Max, one of the shrimp pickers. Only a small force was working that day. Biloxi, Miss. - NARA - 523402.jpg
Child laborers picking shrimp in Biloxi, 1911. Photo by Lewis Hine.
File:FEMA - 37532 - Restored Jefferson Davis home "Beauvoir" in Mississippi.jpg
Beauvoir, the post-war home of Confederate States President Jefferson Davis
File:Jefferson Davis Library & Museum 2014.jpg
Jefferson Davis Presidential Library and Museum at Beauvoir

During World War II, the United States Army Air Forces built Keesler Field, now Keesler Air Force Base, which became a major basic training site and site for aircraft maintenance. The Biloxi economy boomed as a result,<ref name="isjl">"Biloxi/Gulfport, Mississippi" Template:Webarchive, Institute of Southern Jewish Life</ref> attracting new residents and businesses. By 1958, the first Jewish synagogue had been built in the town.<ref name="isjl"/>

Biloxi's casino history dates to a period in the 1940s. At the time, open, if technically illegal, gambling took place in a casino within the Broadwater Beach Resort.<ref name="sh-landmark">Template:Cite news</ref> Open gambling ended during the 1950s.<ref name="sh-before">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Mississippi Gulf Coast became known as the "Poor Man's Riviera", and was frequented by Southern families interested in fishing expeditions during the summer.<ref name="nyt-1963"/> Commercially, Biloxi was dominated by shrimp boats and oyster luggers.<ref name="nyt-1963"/> The tradition of blessing fishing boats in the US seems to have first taken place in Biloxi in 1929 and has been practised ever since.<ref name="Melton">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="WLOX2023">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1959, Biloxi was the site of "Mississippi's first public assault on racial barriers in its 15-year civil rights struggle."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gilbert R. Mason, a black physician in Biloxi, went swimming at a local beach with seven black friends. They were ordered to leave by a city policeman, who told them that "Negroes don't come to the sand beach".<ref name=gestapo>Template:Cite journal</ref> Mason reacted by leading a series of protests, known as the Biloxi Wade-Ins. The protests were followed in 1960 by the worst racial riot in Mississippi history, during which ten people died.<ref name=denies>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Subscription required</ref> Ultimately, the protests led to the desegregation of the beaches of Biloxi.<ref name="gestapo"/>

In the early 1960s, the Gulf Coast again emerged as a prime alternative to Florida as a southern vacation destination among Northerners, with Biloxi a favored destination.<ref name="nyt-1963">Template:Cite news</ref> Biloxi hotels upgraded their amenities and hired chefs from France and Switzerland in an effort to provide some of the best seafood cuisine in the country.<ref name="nyt-1963"/> Edgewater Mall was built in 1963. The Biloxi Dragway hosted drag races between 1957 and 1967.

With the introduction of legal gambling in Mississippi in the 1990s, Biloxi was again transformed.<ref name="isjl"/> It became an important center in the resort casino industry. The new hotels and gambling complexes brought millions of dollars in tourism revenue to the city. The more famous casino complexes were the Beau Rivage casino resort, the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino, Casino Magic, Grand Casino, Isle of Capri Casino Resort Biloxi, Boomtown Casino, President Casino Broadwater Resort, and Imperial Palace. Like Tunica County in the northern part of the state, Biloxi and the surrounding Gulf Coast region were considered a leading gambling center in the Southern United States.

To celebrate the area's tricentennial in 1998/99, the city's tourism promotion agency invited the nationally syndicated Travel World Radio Show to broadcast live from Biloxi, with co-host Willem Bagchus in attendance

HurricanesEdit

Scores of hurricanes have hit the Mississippi Gulf Coast, but the most destructive, as measured by storm surge levels in the Biloxi Lighthouse, occurred in 1855, 1906, 1909, 1947, 1969 (Hurricane Camille), and 2005 (Hurricane Katrina)<ref>Debbie Stringer. 2010. "Biloxi's Guiding Light". Today in Mississippi (Ridgeland, MS), Volume 63, Number 5, May 2010.</ref>

On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina hit the Mississippi Gulf Coast with high winds, heavy rains and a Template:Convert storm surge, causing massive damage to the area. Katrina came ashore during the high tide of 6:56Template:Nbspam, +2.3 feet more.<ref>"2005 NOAA Tide Predictions: Biloxi (Cadet Point), Biloxi Bay" (2005), tide on 29-Aug-2005, NOAA, web: NOAA-tide-tables Template:Webarchive.</ref> Commenting on the power of the storm and the damage, Mayor A. J. Holloway said, "This is our tsunami."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour was quoted as saying the destruction of the Mississippi coastline by Hurricane Katrina looked like an American Hiroshima.

Hurricane Katrina damaged over 40 Mississippi libraries beyond repair, breaking windows and flooding several feet in the Biloxi Public Library, requiring a total rebuild.<ref>"Hurricane Katrina Related Damages to Public Libraries in Mississippi" (September 2005), Mississippi Library Commission, web: ALA-Katrina Template:Webarchive.</ref>

Biloxi is the site of a memorial to Katrina victims, created by a team of local artists with assistance from the crew and volunteers of Extreme Makeover: Home Edition.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Multiple plans were laid out to rebuild the waterfront areas of Biloxi, and in 2007 the federal government announced it was considering buying out up to 17,000 Mississippi coast homeowners to form a hurricane protection zone.<ref>"Gov't May Buy Thousands of Miss. Homes" AP via Google News. Retrieved October 17, 2007. Template:Webarchive</ref> Meanwhile, the city of Biloxi is rapidly implementing plans to allow the redevelopment of commercial properties south of Highway 90.<ref>Beachfront Development On Biloxi's Front Burner Template:Webarchive WLOX News Template:Webarchive. Retrieved on October 17, 2007.</ref>

  • Katrina-14588.jpg

    Hurricane Katrina pushed houses inland along the Mississippi Gulf Coast, including at Biloxi.

  • Katrina-biloxi-miss-grand-casino2-2005.jpg

    Casino barges floated ashore in Biloxi during Hurricane Katrina's storm surge.

  • US Navy 050905-N-0000X-003 U.S. Navy Sailors, assigned to the amphibious transport dock USS Shreveport (LPD 12), perform a search and rescue mission following Hurricane Katrina in Biloxi, Miss.jpg

    U.S. Navy personnel perform a search and rescue mission in Biloxi after Hurricane Katrina.

  • Beach Cleanup 060302-N-9246W-0061.jpg

    Biloxi beach during cleanup of storm debris

  • Beauvoir-Biloxi-Mississippi-Hurricane-Katrina-FEMA-2006-585px.jpg

    Front view of Beauvoir in Biloxi, 7 months after Hurricane Katrina

GeographyEdit

Biloxi is located in southeastern Harrison County, bordered to the south by Mississippi Sound (part of the Gulf of Mexico) and to the northeast partially by Biloxi Bay, which forms part of the Jackson County line. To the northeast, across Biloxi Bay, are the Jackson County city of Ocean Springs and the unincorporated community of St. Martin. The Back Bay of Biloxi continues west from the Jackson County line, crossing the city of Biloxi to Big Lake on the city's western boundary, where the Biloxi and Tchoutacabouffa rivers join. The Tchoutacbouffa flows from east to west across the city and forms part of the city's eastern boundary. Biloxi is bordered to the north and east by the city of D'Iberville and to the west by the city of Gulfport.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Biloxi has a total area of Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert are land and Template:Convert, or 18.14%, are water.<ref name="Census 2010"/>

File:Mississippi-Coast-towns-NOAA.jpg
Location of Biloxi, east of Gulfport (center), on Gulf of Mexico

Biloxi has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) that is heavily influenced by the Gulf of Mexico. Winter days are mild and wet. Snow is extremely rare in Biloxi. Summers are hot and humid, bearing the brunt of tropical storms during the late summer to fall. Biloxi's record low of Template:Convert was recorded on February 12, 1899, and the record high of Template:Convert was recorded on August 29, 2000, and tied again on August 26, 2023. Template:Weather box

DemographicsEdit

Template:US Census population

Biloxi is the smaller of two principal cities of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula Combined Statistical Area.

2020 censusEdit

Historical racial composition citation CitationClass=web

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White 85.6% 74.6% 60.0% 58.0% 62.3%
Black 13.6% 18.6% 35.8% 34.9% 19.9%
Asian 0.4% 5.7% 1.6% 2.0% 3.7%
Native 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander		 - - 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Other race 0.3% 0.7% 1.0% 2.8% 1.0%
Two or more races - – 1.3% 1.9% 9.6%
Biloxi city, Mississippi – Racial and ethnic composition
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% 2000 % 2010 Template:Partial
White alone (NH) 35,292 28,402 28,771 69.69% 64.47% 58.18%
Black or African American alone (NH) 9,569 8,491 10,779 18.90% 19.27% 21.80%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 232 160 148 0.46% 0.36% 0.30%
Asian alone (NH) 2,558 1,923 2,123 5.05% 4.37% 4.29%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 50 84 67 0.10% 0.19% 0.14%
Some Other Race alone (NH) 75 68 208 0.15% 0.15% 0.42%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) 1,020 1,079 2,668 2.01% 2.45% 5.40%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 1,848 3,847 4,685 3.65% 8.73% 9.47%
Total 50,644 44,054 49,449 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 49,449 people, 17,923 households, and 10,922 families residing in the city.

Places of worship in Biloxi include Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the First Baptist Church of Biloxi.

EconomyEdit

File:Biloxi Casinos.JPG
Biloxi casinos

Biloxi is home to eight casino resort hotels, with 24-hour gambling, concert entertainment shows, and several restaurants. Many casinos were damaged or destroyed by Hurricane Katrina, but eventually reopened.<ref name=BixCasinos>"Tentative re-opening plans for Biloxi casino resorts" (2006), City of Biloxi, www.Biloxi.ms.us, webpage: Biloxi-Casinos Template:Webarchive.</ref>

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Arts and cultureEdit

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File:OhrOkeefe 3.jpg
Ohr-O'Keefe Museum Of Art campus in Biloxi

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SportsEdit

Club League Sport Venue Founded Affiliate
Biloxi Shuckers SL Baseball Keesler Federal Park 2015 Milwaukee Brewers
Mississippi Sea Wolves FPHL Ice hockey Mississippi Coast Coliseum 2022

In the center of what fisheries biologists term "The Fertile Fisheries Crescent", Biloxi offers some of the finest sportsfishing along the entire northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Spotted seatrout, red drum, Spanish and king mackerel, flounder, snapper, grouper, sharks, and more are all available to anglers during the fishing season. It is not known how Hurricane Katrina affected this ecosystem.Template:Citation needed

The Biloxi Shuckers, the Double-A Southern League affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers play at Keesler Federal Park.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Mississippi Sea Wolves of the Federal Prospects Hockey League have played at the Mississippi Coast Coliseum since 2022. Biloxi was previously home to the original Sea Wolves team of the ECHL, and the Mississippi Surge of the Southern Professional Hockey League.

Biloxi was the host city of the 2009 Women's World Military Cup.

Biloxi City Futbol Club is set to join the Louisiana Premier League for the fall of 2016.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

GovernmentEdit

File:Biloxi, MS City Hall.jpg
Biloxi City Hall

The Bolton State Office Building in Biloxi includes the headquarters of the Mississippi Department of Marine Resources and the South Regional Office of the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality.<ref>"Contact Us Template:Webarchive." Mississippi Department of Marine Resources. Retrieved on November 9, 2010. "Included are the phone numbers of each department within the agency. A map and directions to the Bolton Building can be found here: directions. 1141 Bayview Avenue Biloxi MS 39530."</ref><ref>"Directions Template:Webarchive." Mississippi Department of Marine Resources. Retrieved on November 9, 2010.</ref><ref>"South Regional Office Template:Webarchive." Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality. Retrieved on September 21, 2010.</ref>

The United States Postal Service operates the Biloxi Post Office and other area post offices.<ref>"Post Office Location - BILOXI Template:Webarchive." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on September 22, 2010.</ref>

EducationEdit

The city is served by the Biloxi Public School District and the Harrison County School District. The Gulf Coast has a large Catholic school system, 15 of which are in Biloxi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

MediaEdit

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Biloxi has one daily newspaper, the Sun Herald, which is headquartered in nearby Gulfport.

20 FM and 7 AM radio stations operate in and/or serve the Biloxi area.

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According to Nielsen Media Research, the Biloxi market, as of the 2015–2016 season, is the third largest of five television markets in Mississippi, and the 158th largest in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Three major television stations serve the Biloxi area. ABC and CBS affiliate WLOX 13 and PBS/MPB member station WMAH-TV 19 are located in Biloxi, while Fox/MyNetworkTV affiliate WXXV-TV 25 is located in Gulfport. In addition to the stations' main programming, WLOX and WXXV-TV broadcast programming from other networks on digital subchannels. WLOX-DT2 serves as the market's CBS affiliate, while WXXV-TV operates the market's respective NBC and CW affiliates on DT2 and DT3.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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TransportationEdit

Biloxi is served by the Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport in Gulfport.

The Coast Transit Authority provides bus service to the region with fixed-route and paratransit services.

Biloxi's main highway is U.S. Highway 90 (Beach Boulevard), which runs along the beach and by the casinos. It connects the city to Gulfport and points westward and to Ocean Springs and Pascagoula to the east. The Biloxi Bay Bridge, connecting Biloxi and Ocean Springs, was rebuilt after Hurricane Katrina, and was fully reopened in April 2008.

Interstate 10 passes through the northern sections of the city, leading west Template:Convert to New Orleans and east Template:Convert to Mobile, Alabama. Interstate 110 splits off from I-10 at D'Iberville and heads south across the Back Bay of Biloxi to U.S. 90 near Beau Rivage, providing the city with an important hurricane evacuation route.

North–south highways serving the area include:

Notable peopleEdit

Filming locationEdit

Several films have been produced in Biloxi, including:

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See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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