Bipolar I disorder

Bipolar I disorder (BD-I; pronounced "type one bipolar disorder") is a type of bipolar spectrum disorder characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, with or without mixed or psychotic features.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Most people also, at other times, have one or more depressive episodes.<ref name="Bipolar Disorder: Who's at Risk?">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Typically, these manic episodes can last at least 7 days for most of each day to the extent that the individual may need medical attention, while the depressive episodes last at least 2 weeks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

It is a type of bipolar disorder and conforms to the classic concept of manic-depressive illness, which can include psychosis during mood episodes.<ref name="What are the types of bipolar disorder?">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Diagnosis

The essential feature of bipolar I disorder is a clinical course characterized by the occurrence of one or more manic episodes or mixed episodes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Often, individuals have had one or more major depressive episodes.<ref name="DepressionD">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One episode of mania is sufficient to make the diagnosis of bipolar disorder; the person may or may not have a history of major depressive disorder.<ref name="DepressionD"/> Episodes of substance-induced mood disorder due to the direct effects of a medication, or other somatic treatments for depression, substance use disorder, or toxin exposure, or of mood disorder due to a general medical condition need to be excluded before a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder can be made. Bipolar I disorder requires confirmation of only 1 full manic episode for diagnosis, but may be associated with hypomanic and depressive episodes as well.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> Diagnosis for bipolar II disorder does not include a full manic episode; instead, it requires the occurrence of both a hypomanic episode and a major depressive episode.<ref name=":2" /> Serious aggression has been reported to occur in one out of every ten major, first-episode, BD-I patients with psychotic features, the prevalence in this group being particularly high in association with a recent suicide attempt, alcohol use disorder, learning disability, or manic polarity in the first episode.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Bipolar I disorder often coexists with other disorders including PTSD, substance use disorders, and a variety of mood disorders.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Studies suggest that psychiatric comorbidities correlate with further impairment of day-to-day life.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Up to 40% of people with bipolar disorder also present with PTSD, with higher rates occurring in women and individuals with bipolar I disorder.<ref name=":02" /> A diagnosis of bipolar 1 disorder is only given if bipolar episodes are not better accounted for by schizoaffective disorder or superimposed on schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or a psychotic disorder not otherwise specified.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Medical assessment

Regular medical assessments are performed to rule-out secondary causes of mania and depression.<ref name=":3" /> These tests include complete blood count, glucose, serum chemistry/electrolyte panel, thyroid function test, liver function test, renal function test, urinalysis, vitamin B12 and folate levels, HIV screening, syphilis screening, and pregnancy test, and when clinically indicated, an electrocardiogram (ECG), an electroencephalogram (EEG), a computed tomography (CT scan), and/or a magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) may be ordered.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref> Drug screening includes recreational drugs, particularly synthetic cannabinoids, and exposure to toxins.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV-TR)

Dx code #	Disorder	Description
296.0x	Bipolar I disorder	Single manic episode
296.40	Bipolar I disorder	Most recent episode hypomanic
296.4x	Bipolar I disorder	Most recent episode manic
296.5x	Bipolar I disorder	Most recent episode depressed
296.6x	Bipolar I disorder	Most recent episode mixed
296.7	Bipolar I disorder	Most recent episode unspecified

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)

In May 2013, American Psychiatric Association released the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). There are several proposed revisions to occur in the diagnostic criteria of Bipolar I Disorder and its subtypes. For Bipolar I Disorder 296.40 (most recent episode hypomanic) and 296.4x (most recent episode manic), the proposed revision includes the following specifiers: with psychotic features, with mixed features, with catatonic features, with rapid cycling, with anxiety (mild to severe), with suicide risk severity, with seasonal pattern, and with postpartum onset.<ref name=":03">Template:Cite book</ref> Bipolar I Disorder 296.5x (most recent episode depressed) will include all of the above specifiers plus the following: with melancholic features and with atypical features.<ref name=":03" /> The categories for specifiers will be removed in DSM-5 and criterion A will add or there are at least 3 symptoms of major depression of which one of the symptoms is depressed mood or anhedonia.<ref name=":03" /> For Bipolar I Disorder 296.7 (most recent episode unspecified), the listed specifiers will be removed.<ref name=":03" />

The criteria for manic and hypomanic episodes in criteria A & B will be edited. Criterion A will include "and present most of the day, nearly every day", and criterion B will include "and represent a noticeable change from usual behavior". These criteria as defined in the DSM-IV-TR have created confusion for clinicians and need to be more clearly defined.<ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

There have also been proposed revisions to criterion B of the diagnostic criteria for a Hypomanic Episode, which is used to diagnose For Bipolar I Disorder 296.40, Most Recent Episode Hypomanic. Criterion B lists "inflated self-esteem, flight of ideas, distractibility, and decreased need for sleep" as symptoms of a Hypomanic Episode. This has been confusing in the field of child psychiatry because these symptoms closely overlap with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

ICD-10

• F31 Bipolar Affective Disorder
• F31.6 Bipolar Affective Disorder, Current Episode Mixed
• F30 Manic Episode
• F30.0 Hypomania
• F30.1 Mania Without Psychotic Symptoms
• F30.2 Mania With Psychotic Symptoms
• F32 Depressive Episode
• F32.0 Mild Depressive Episode
• F32.1 Moderate Depressive Episode
• F32.2 Severe Depressive Episode Without Psychotic Symptoms
• F32.3 Severe Depressive Episode With Psychotic Symptoms

Treatment

Medication

Mood stabilizers are often used as part of the treatment process.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

1. Lithium is the mainstay in the management of bipolar disorder but it has a narrow therapeutic range and typically requires monitoring<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
2. Anticonvulsants, such as valproate,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> carbamazepine, or lamotrigine
3. Atypical antipsychotics, such as quetiapine,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> risperidone, olanzapine, or aripiprazole
4. Electroconvulsive therapy, a psychiatric treatment in which seizures are electrically induced in anesthetized patients for therapeutic effect

Antidepressant-induced mania occurs in 20–40% of people with bipolar disorder. Mood stabilizers, especially lithium, may protect against this effect, but some research contradicts this.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

A frequent problem in these individuals is non-adherence to pharmacological treatment; long-acting injectable antipsychotics may contribute to solving this issue in some patients.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

A review of validated treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder by international bodies was published in 2020.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Prognosis

Bipolar I usually has a poor prognosis, which is associated with substance abuse, psychotic features, depressive symptoms, and inter-episode depression.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A manic episode can be so severe that it requires hospitalization. An estimated 63% of all BP-I related mania results in hospitalization.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The natural course of BP-I, if left untreated, leads to episodes becoming more frequent or severe over time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The absolute risk of suicide is highest for BP-I than all other mood and mental disorders.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Up to a quarter of individuals with BP-I die by suicide.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Individuals with BP-I typically have a shorter life expectancy compared to the general population, with estimates suggesting a reduction of 11 to 20 years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> With proper treatment, individuals with BP-I can, however, lead a healthy lifestyle.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Education

Psychosocial interventions can be used for managing acute depressive episodes and for maintenance treatment to aid in relapse prevention.<ref name=":0" /> This includes psychoeducation, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), family-focused therapy (FFT), interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT), and peer support.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Information on the condition, importance of regular sleep patterns, routines and eating habits and the importance of compliance with medication as prescribed. Behavior modification through counseling can have positive influence to help reduce the effects of risky behavior during the manic phase. Additionally, the lifetime prevalence for bipolar I disorder is estimated to be 1%.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

See also

• List of people with bipolar disorder
• Outline of bipolar disorder
• Bipolar disorder
• Bipolar disorders research
• Bipolar II disorder
• Cyclothymia
• Bipolar NOS
• Borderline personality disorder
• Creativity and bipolar disorder
• Detailed listing of DSM-IV-TR bipolar disorder diagnostics codes
• Emotional dysregulation
• International Society for Bipolar Disorders
• Kleine–Levin syndrome
• Major depressive disorder
• Racing thoughts
• Seasonal affective disorder