Black Friday (1978)
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Black Friday (Template:Langx) was an incident on 8 September 1978 (17 Shahrivar 1357 in the Iranian calendar) in Iran<ref name="Abraham">Template:Cite book</ref> in which at least 64<ref name="Foltz"/> and at most more than 100<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> people were shot dead and 205 injured by the Pahlavi military in Jaleh Square (Template:Langx) in Tehran.<ref name="Hossein">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Fischer">Template:Cite book</ref> According to the military historian Spencer C. Tucker, 94 were killed on Black Friday, consisting of 64 protesters and 30 government security forces.<ref name="Tucker"/> The deaths were described as the pivotal event in the Iranian Revolution that ended any "hope for compromise" between the protest movement and the regime of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.<ref>Abrahamian, Ervand, History of Modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 160–1</ref>
BackgroundEdit
As protests against the Shah's rule continued during the first half of 1978, the Iranian government declared martial law. On 8 September, thousands gathered in Tehran's Jaleh Square for a religious demonstration, unaware that the government had declared martial law a day earlier.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
MassacreEdit
Template:Expand-section Protestors had gathered in Jaleh Square for a religious demonstration even though the Shah had ordered martial law. The military came and told the protestors to leave but they did not. The military opened fire on the protestors killing many protestors. Jaleh Square ended any hope for the Shah compromising with the protestors.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>This bloodbath came to be known as “Black Friday” and was a huge catalyst for the Iranian Revolution, a process which has had enormous consequences for U.S. imperialism and the region.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
AftermathEdit
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Black Friday is thought to have marked the point of no return for the revolution, and it led to the abolition of Iran's monarchy less than a year later. It is also believed that Black Friday played a crucial role in further radicalizing the protest movement, uniting the opposition to the Shah and mobilized the masses. The incident is described by historian Ervand Abrahamian as "a sea of blood between the shah and the people."<ref name="Lizi"/> Initially, opposition and western journalists claimed that the Iranian army had massacred thousands of protesters.<ref name="Baghi">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Encarta">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="PBS"/> The clerical leadership announced that "thousands have been massacred by Zionist troops".<ref>Taheri, The Spirit of Allah (1985), p. 223.</ref> According to the historian Abbas Amanat:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
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The clerical activists, backed by the Qom marja's, capitalized on the Jaleh Square massacre to paint the regime as brutal and illegitimate. Aided by a rumor-mongering machine that became fully operational in the absence of reliable media and news reporting, the number of casualties, the “martyrs” on the path of Islam, was inflated to thousands, and the troops who opened fire on them were labeled as Israeli mercenaries who were brought in to crush the revolution.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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The events triggered protests that continued for another four months. The day after Black Friday, Amir-Abbas Hoveyda resigned as minister of court for unrelated reasons.
A general strike in October shut down the petroleum industry that was essential to the administration's survival, "sealing the Shah's fate".<ref>Moin, Khomeini (2000), p. 189.</ref> The continuation of protests ultimately led to Shah leaving Iran in January 1979, clearing the way for the Iranian Revolution, led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.<ref>The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution, Abbas Milani, pp. 292–293</ref><ref>Seven Events That Made America America, Larry Schweikart, p.</ref><ref>The Iranian Revolution of 1978/1979 and How Western Newspapers Reported It, Edgar Klüsener, p. 12</ref><ref>Cultural History After Foucault, John Neubauer, p. 64</ref><ref>Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society, by Werner Ende, Udo Steinbach, p. 264</ref><ref>The A to Z of Iran, John H. Lorentz, p. 63</ref><ref>Islam and Politics, John L. Esposito, p. 212</ref>
LegacyEdit
Initially, Western media and opposition reported "15,000 dead and wounded", but Iranian government officials reported that 86 people had died in Tehran in the whole day.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page number<ref>Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah (2003) Answer to History Irwin Pub, page 160, Template:ISBN</ref> French social theorist Michel Foucault first reported that 2,000 to 3,000 people had died in Jaleh Square, and he later raised that number to 4,000.<ref name="Baghi"/> Johann Beukes, author of Foucault in Iran, 1978–1979, notes that "Foucault seems to have adhered to this exaggerated death count at Jaleh Square, propagated by the revolting masses themselves. Thousands were wounded, but the death toll unlikely accounted to more than hundred casualties".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The BBC's correspondent in Iran, Andrew Whitley, reported that hundreds had died.<ref name="BBC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore Retrieved 7 June 2013</ref>
According to the military historian Spencer C. Tucker, 94 were killed on Black Friday, consisting of 64 protesters and 30 government security forces.<ref name="Tucker"/> According to the Iranologist Richard Foltz, 64 protesters died at Jaleh Square.<ref name="Foltz" />
According to Emadeddin Baghi, a former researcher at the Martyrs Foundation (Bonyad Shahid, part of the current Iranian government, which compensates families of victims) hired "to make sense of the data" on those killed on Black Friday, 64 were killed in Jaleh Square on Black Friday, with two females: one woman and a young girl. On the same day in other parts of the capital, 24 people died in clashes with martial law forces, with one female, making the total casualties on the same day to 88 deaths.<ref name="Baghi"/> Another source puts the Martyrs Foundation tabulation of dead at 84 during that day.<ref>E. Baqi, 'Figures for the Dead in the Revolution', Emruz, 30 July 2003, quoted in Abrahamian, Ervand, History of Modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 160–1</ref>
The square's name was later changed to the Square of Martyrs (Maidan-e Shohada) by the Islamic republic.<ref name="PBS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Since the 2000s, some former Pahlavi Iranian politicians have suggested greater ambiguity in the situation, in particular the presence of Palestinian guerrillas in Iran, who they believe were agitators.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page number
In artEdit
In PersianEdit
In 1978 shortly after the massacre, the Iranian musician Hossein Alizadeh set Siavash Kasraie's poem about the event to music. Mohammad Reza Shajarian sang the piece "Jāleh Khun Shod" (Jaleh [Pers. "the dew"] turned to blood.).<ref name="Asr-e Iran">Template:Cite news</ref>
In EnglishEdit
Nastaran Akhavan, one of the survivors, wrote the book Spared about the event. The book explains how the author was forced into a massive wave of thousands of angry protesters, who were later massacred by the Shah's military.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The 2016 adventure video game 1979 Revolution: Black Friday is based on the event. The game is directed by Navid Khonsari, who was a child at the time of the revolution and admitted he did not have a realistic view of what was taking place. Khonsari described creating the game as "[wanting] people to feel the passion and the elation of being in the revolution – of feeling that you could possibly make a change."<ref name="Guardian Frag">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>