Blanding's turtle

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Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii)<ref name="Rhodin11" /><ref name="Rhodin105-6"/> is a species of semi-aquatic turtle of the family Emydidae. This species is native to central and eastern parts of Canada and the United States.<ref name=iucn/> It is considered to be an endangered species throughout much of its range.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Blanding's turtle is of interest in longevity research, as it shows few or no common signs of aging and is physically active and capable of reproduction into eight or nine decades of life.<ref name="Morai2016"/><ref>Brooks, Michael (2008). Chapter 9: "Death". 13 Things That Don't Make Sense. New York: Doubleday. Template:ISBN.</ref>

TaxonomyEdit

There are differences of opinion as to the genus for this species; both Emys and Emydoidea occur in published sources in 2009, 2010, and 2011.<ref name="Rhodin11" /><ref name="Rhodin138-9"/>

EtymologyEdit

Both the specific name, blandingii, and the common name, Blanding's turtle, are in honor of American naturalist Dr. William Blanding (1773–1857).<ref>Template:Cite book (Emydoidea blandingii, p. 27).</ref>

DescriptionEdit

Blanding's turtle is a medium-sized turtle with an average straight carapace length of approximately Template:Convert with a maximum of Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A distinguishing feature of this turtle is the bright yellow chin and throat. The carapace, or upper shell, is domed, but slightly flattened along the midline, and is oblong when viewed from above. The carapace is speckled with numerous yellow or light-colored flecks or streaks on a dark background. The plastron, or lower shell, is yellow with dark blotches symmetrically arranged. The head and legs are dark, and usually speckled or mottled with yellow. Blanding's turtle is also called the "semi-box" turtle, for although the plastron is hinged, the plastral lobes do not shut as tight as the box turtles'.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ReproductionEdit

Blanding's turtle takes 14–20 years to reach sexual maturity. Mating probably occurs in April and early May with nesting beginning in early June and lasting throughout the month.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Clutch size varies from region to region. In New York, the clutch size ranges from five to twelve eggs, with an average of eight.

Behavior and life spanEdit

Blanding's turtle overwinters under or near water, in mud, or under vegetation or debris. This is known as brumation. During the nesting season, a female Blanding's turtle may be found more than a kilometer from where it hibernated. It is omnivorous, eating crustaceans (including crayfish), insects (such as dragonfly nymphs and aquatic beetles), snails and other invertebrates, fish, fish eggs, frogs, carrion, berries, seeds, and vegetable debris.<ref name=ADW>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It will eat coontail, duckweed, sedge, and bulrush.<ref name=ADW/> It is capable of catching live fish. Based on the extreme lack of aging symptoms and lack of age related decline, this turtle is considered a negligibly senescent species.<ref name="Morai2016">Template:Cite news</ref>

Blanding's turtle is a timid turtle and may plunge into water and remain on the bottom for hours when alarmed. If away from water, the turtle will withdraw into its shell. It is very gentle and rarely attempts to bite. It is very agile and a good swimmer.

Distribution and habitatEdit

File:Minson Blandings - Flickr - USDAgov.jpg

Affixing a transmitter for research purposes

The geographic range of E. blandingii centres on the Great Lakes, and extends from central Nebraska and Minnesota (where it twice failed to become the state reptile)<ref name="Minnesota proposed">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> eastward through southern Ontario and the south shore of Lake Erie as far east as northern New York. In Nebraska, this turtle is uncommon in the eastern portion of the state, but common to abundant in the Sand Hills region lakes, ponds, and streams. There are also isolated populations in southeastern New York (Dutchess County), New England, and Nova Scotia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Its general habitat is wetlands with clean shallow water. It is known to bask on logs, and will wander far from water, particularly when nesting. It generally nests in sunny areas, with well drained soil. Younger turtles may bask on sedge and alder hummocks. Young will often travel far in search of mating sites, new habitat, or new food sources, as do elder turtles.

Conservation statusEdit

The primary threat to Blanding's turtle is habitat fragmentation and destruction as well as nest predation by unnaturally large populations of predators.<ref name=iucn/> It is listed as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List<ref name=iucn/> as endangered in some U.S. states, and as either threatened or endangered throughout Canada, though in the U.S. it has no federal status. International trade in Blanding's turtle is restricted, as the species is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning that international trade is regulated by the CITES permit system.<ref name="CITES"/>

This species can also be adversely affected by prescribed burns. During fall and late spring hatchlings move overland and it is recommended that prescribed burns should be avoided during these times.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The U.S. states in which it is considered endangered are Indiana,<ref name=312iac>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Illinois, Missouri,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and South Dakota.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is considered threatened in New York and Iowa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Michigan, Blanding's turtle is also fully protected as a special concern species,<ref>Blanding's Turtle (Emys blandingii). Michigan Natural Features Inventory.</ref> making it unlawful to kill, take, trap, possess, buy, or sell.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Lake County, Illinois, a long-term species recovery program has been underway since 2009.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In Canada, the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River population in Ontario and Quebec is federally threatened,<ref>Blanding's Turtle Great Lakes / St. Lawrence population Template:Webarchive, Species At Risk Public Registry</ref> and the Nova Scotia population is endangered.<ref>Blanding's Turtle Nova Scotia Population Template:Webarchive, Species At Risk Public Registry.</ref> Conservation and recovery efforts in Nova Scotia have been in place for two decades and rely on habitat and life history monitoring based on the work of conservation practitioners, researchers, and volunteers. Habitat protection has proven crucial. The population in Kejimkujik National Park has been placed under the highest level of protection, where volunteers and Parks Canada staff carry out annual efforts to protect the turtle's nests from predation and monitor their population over time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The McGowan Lake population was initially protected by Bowater but has since been taken over by the Province. In Pleasant River, the Nova Scotia Nature Trust protects four separate segments of critical habitat.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>