Blue-tailed bee-eater
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The blue-tailed bee-eater (Merops philippinus) is a near passerine bird in the bee-eater family Meropidae. It is widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia where many populations are strongly migratory, and seen seasonally in many parts but breeding colonially in small areas across their range, mostly in river valleys, where they nest by tunneling into loamy sand banks. They are seen mostly in open habitats close to water.
DescriptionEdit
This species, like other bee-eaters, is a richly coloured, slender bird. It is predominantly green; its face has a narrow blue patch with a black eye stripe, and a yellow and brown throat; the tail is blue and the beak is black. The three outer toes are united around their bases. It can reach a length of 23–26 cm, including the two elongated central tail feathers which can be just two inches more than the remaining ten feathers.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Sexes are alike. This species is usually found near water and like other bee-eaters it predominantly eats flying insects, especially bees (as large as the Xylocopa sp.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>), wasps and hornets, which are caught in the air by sorties from an open perch. They may also forage in flight over estuaries, backwaters and even over the sea but not far from the coast.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This species probably takes bees and dragonflies in roughly equal numbers. The insects that are caught are beaten on the perch to kill them and break the exoskeleton. This habit is seen in many other members of the order Coraciiformes.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> They call mainly in flight with a rolling chirping whistling Template:Not a typo.<ref name=":1" />
The only confusable species within its range is the blue-cheeked bee-eater which however tends to be found in drier areas. The blue-tailed differs in having the rump and tail blue rather than green and black. The undertail feathers are bluish rather than green in the blue-cheeked. The blue cheek patch is much smaller while the chestnut on the throat and breast darker and covering a larger area.<ref name=":0" />
They breed in April to May in India nesting colonially with closely placed nest holes in a vertical mudbank or even burrowing into gently sloping land. They tend to choose sandy and sandy clay loams but avoid heavier clay loams.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They also prefer clear mud banks without any vegetation cover.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In Sri Lanka, they have been noted to breed in artificial sand dunes created by dredging of sea sand.<ref name=sl>Template:Cite journal</ref> The nest tunnel can run nearly 2 metres deep. About 5 to 7 near spherical eggs are laid. Both the male and the female take care of the eggs. The parents guard the nest to prevent intraspecific brood parasitism and extra pair copulation. These birds also feed and roost communally.<ref name=":0" /> One or two helpers may join the breeding pair after incubation begins.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Although males and females appear similar to the human eye, males tend to have longer central tail feather extensions and UV reflectance studies demonstrate that healthy males had darker chestnut throats and brighter green body plumage while females showed brighter blue rumps and yellow chins.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Taxonomy and systematicsEdit
This species has sometimes been considered to be conspecific with the blue-cheeked bee-eater which is a close sister taxon, the two forming a clade with the Madagascan olive bee-eater.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the past the species has been treated variously as M. persicus javanicus, M. superciliosus javanicus, and M. superciliosus philippinus.<ref name=peters />
Ecological interactionsEdit
Based on the presence of spores of Nosema ceranae in the droppings of blue-tailed bee-eaters, it has been suggested that they may be capable of distributing the parasite to bees across a wide geographic range.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A species of feather louse, Brueelia superciliosa has been described from hosts of this species in Thailand.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Distribution and movementsEdit
The species has a patchy breeding distribution across India, Myanmar, and parts of Southeast Asia.<ref name=peters>Template:Cite book</ref> In India they are known to breed in several of the river valleys including those of the Godavari, Kaveri, Tunga Badra and Krishna rivers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They also nest in the eastern parts of Sri Lanka.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=sl />
Blue-tailed bee-eaters are seasonal in many parts of their range and are known to migrate diurnally en masse at some places like Tanjung Tuan (W. Malaysia) and Promsri Hill<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> (southern Thailand).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They are winter visitors in parts of Malaysia and peninsular India.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The non-breeding ranges of the blue-cheeked bee-eater and blue-tailed overlap in some parts of Gujarat<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and western peninsular India.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Blue-tailed Bee-Eaters with Dragonfly.jpg
At the Powai Lake, India
- SL Bundala NP asv2020-01 img08.jpg
In the Bundala National Park, Sri Lanka
- Blue-tailed bee-eater (Merops philippinus) Yala.jpg
In the Yala National Park, Sri Lanka
- Blue-tailed bee-eater range migration.gif
Blue-tailed bee-eater range migration
StatusEdit
The Blue-tailed bee-eater is listed as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />