Book of Zephaniah
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The Book of Zephaniah Template:IPAc-en (Template:Langx, Ṣəfanyā; sometimes Latinized as Sophonias) is the ninth of the Twelve Minor Prophets of the Old Testament and Tanakh, preceded in all traditions by the Book of Habakkuk and followed by the Book of Haggai. The book has three chapters.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Zephaniah is a male given name which is usually interpreted to mean "Yahweh has hidden/protected",Template:Sfn or "Yahweh hides".Template:Sfn The church father Jerome of Stridon interpreted Zephaniah's name to mean "the watchman of the Lord".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The original text of the prophecy was written in Biblical Hebrew.
Scholars propose various dates of composition; some scholars argue that the book was probably composed during the reign of Josiah (late-seventh century BCE),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> while others hold that an original core of oracles was expanded and edited in exilic or later times.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Hagedorn, Anselm C. 2011. “When Did Zephaniah Become a Supporter of Josiah’s Reform?” JTS 62:465-469.</ref>
Authorship and dateEdit
The book's superscription attributes its authorship to "Zephaniah son of Cushi son of Gedaliah son of Amariah son of Hezekiah, in the days of King Josiah son of Amon of Judah".<ref>Zephaniah 1:1, NRSV</ref> All that is known of Zephaniah comes from within the text.Template:Sfn
The name "Cushi," Zephaniah's father, means "Cushite" or "Ethiopian", and the text of Zephaniah mentions the sin and restoration of Cushim.<ref>Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse</ref> While some have concluded from this that Zephaniah was dark-skinned or African,Template:Sfn Ehud Ben Zvi maintains that, based on the context, "Cushi" must be understood as a personal name rather than an indicator of nationality.Template:Sfn Abraham ibn Ezra interpreted the name Hezekiah in the superscription as King Hezekiah of Judah, though that is not a claim advanced in the text of Zephaniah.Template:Sfn
As with many of the other prophets,Template:Sfn there is no external evidence to directly associate composition of the book with a prophet by the name of Zephaniah.Template:Sfn Some scholars, such as Kent Harold Richards and Jason DeRouchie, consider the words in Zephaniah to reflect a time early in the reign of King Josiah (640–609 BC) before his reforms of 622 BC took full effect,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn in which case the prophet may have been born during the reign of ManassehTemplate:Sfn (698/687–642 BC).Template:Sfn Others argue that some portion of the book is postmonarchic,Template:Sfn that is, dating to later than 586 BC when the Kingdom of Judah fell in the Siege of Jerusalem.Template:Sfn Some who consider the book to have largely been written by a historical Zephaniah have suggested that he may have been a disciple of the prophet Isaiah, because of the two books' similar focus on rampant corruption and injustice in Judah.Template:Sfn The Jerusalem Bible links Zephaniah 2:11 and 3:9-10 with the Book of Consolation (Isaiah 40-55).<ref>Jerusalem Bible (1966), "Introduction to the Prophets: Zephaniah", p. 1137</ref>
PurposeEdit
If Zephaniah was largely composed during the monarchic period, then its composition was occasioned by Judah's refusal to obey its covenant obligations toward Yahweh despite having seen northern Israel's exile a generation or two previously,Template:Sfn an exile which the Judahite literary tradition attributed to Yahweh's anger aroused by Israel's disobedience to the covenant.<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref>Template:Sfn In this historical context, Zephaniah urges Judah to obedience to Yahweh, saying that "perhaps"<ref>Template:Bibleverse in a variety of English translations</ref> he will forgive them if they do.Template:Sfn
ThemesEdit
The HarperCollins Study Bible supplies headings for sections within the book as follows:Template:Sfn
| Verse (NRSV) | Heading |
|---|---|
| 1:1 | (Superscription) |
| 1:2–13 | The Coming Judgment on Judah |
| 1:14–18 | The Great Day of the Lord |
| 2:1–15 | Judgment on Israel's Enemies |
| 3:1–7 | The Wickedness of Jerusalem |
| 3:8–13 | Punishment and Conversion of the Nations |
| 3:14–20 | Song of Joy |
More consistently than any other prophetic book, Zephaniah focuses on "the day of the Lord",Template:Sfn developing this tradition from its first appearance in Amos.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref> The day of the Lord tradition also appears in Isaiah, Ezekiel, Obadiah, Joel, and Malachi.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse</ref>
The book begins by describing Yahweh's judgement. With a triple repetition of "I will sweep away" in Zephaniah 1:2–3,<ref>See for example Template:Bibleverse in the English Standard Version, cf. threefold repetition of "consume" in the New King James Version</ref> Zephaniah emphasizes the totality of the destruction,Template:Sfn as the number three often signifies perfection in the Bible.Template:Sfn The order of creatures in Zephaniah 1:2 ("humans and animals ... the birds ... the fish") is the opposite of the creation order in Genesis 1:1–28, signifying an undoing of creation.Template:Sfn This is also signified by the way that "from the face of the earth" forms an inclusio around Zephaniah 1:2-3, hearkening back to how the phrase is used in the Genesis flood narrative in Genesis 6:7, Genesis 7:4, and Genesis 8:8,Template:Sfn where it also connotes an undoing of creation.Template:Sfn
As is common in prophetic literature in the Bible, a "remnant" survives Yahweh's judgement,<ref>Template:Bibleverse, Template:Bibleverse-nb</ref>Template:Sfn by humbly seeking refuge in Yahweh.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref> The book concludes with an announcement of hope and joy,Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref> as Yahweh "bursts forth in joyful divine celebration"Template:Sfn over his people.<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref>
Later influenceEdit
Because of its hopeful tone of the gathering and restoration of exiles, Template:Bibleverse has been included in Jewish liturgy.Template:Sfn
Zephaniah served as a major inspiration for the medieval Catholic hymn "Dies Irae," whose title and opening words are from the Vulgate translation of Template:Bibleverse.Template:Sfn
Surviving early manuscriptsEdit
Template:Further The original manuscript of this book has been lost. Some early manuscripts containing the text of this book in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).Template:Sfn Fragments containing parts of this book in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, including 4Q77 (4QXIIb; 150–125 BCE),Template:Sfn<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Sfn 4Q78 (4QXIIc; 75–50 BCE),<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn and Wadi Murabba'at Minor Prophets (Mur88; MurXIIProph; 75-100 CE).<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>Template:Sfn
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (6th century).Template:Sfn Some fragments containing parts of the Septuagint version of this book were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, i.e., Naḥal Ḥever (1st century CE).<ref name=thewaytoyahuweh/>Template:Sfn
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
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Further readingEdit
- Berlin, Adele. Zephaniah: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. The Anchor Bible Volume 25A. Toronto: Doubleday, 1994.
- Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897.
- Template:Cite Catholic Encyclopedia Transcribed by Thomas M. Barrett. 2003.
- Hirsch, Emil G. & Ira Maurice Price. "Zephaniah", JewishEncyclopedia.com. 2002.
- LaSor, William Sanford et al. Old Testament Survey: the Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1996.
- O. Palmer Robertson. The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah (New International Commentary on the Old Testament, 1990)
- Sweeney, Marvin A. Zephaniah: A Commentary. Ed. Paul D. Hanson. Minneapolis, Fortress Press, 2003.
External linksEdit
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Translations
- Jewish translations:
- Tzefaniah – Zephaniah (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
- Christian translations:
- Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
- Zephaniah at CrossWalk.com (various versions)
- Zephaniah at The Great Books (New Revised Standard Version)
- Zephaniah at Wikisource (Authorized King James Version)
- Non-affiliated translations:
- The Heavenly Fire: Zephaniah (PDF) (Creative Commons translation with in-depth introduction and extensive translation notes)
- Template:Librivox book Various versions
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