Border ruffian
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Border ruffians were proslavery raiders who crossed into the Kansas Territory from Missouri during the mid-19th century to help ensure the territory entered the United States as a slave state. Their activities formed a major part of a series of violent civil confrontations known as "Bleeding Kansas", which peaked from 1854 to 1858. Crimes committed by border ruffians included electoral fraud, intimidation, assault, property damage and murder; many border ruffians took pride in their reputation as criminals. After the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, many border ruffians fought on the side of the Confederate States of America as irregular bushwhackers.
OriginEdit
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The 1913 edition of Webster's Dictionary reflects the 19th century understanding of the word Template:Wikt-lang as a "scoundrel, rascal, or unprincipled, deceitful, brutal and unreliable person".
Among the first to use the term border ruffian in connection with the slavery issue in Kansas was the Herald of Freedom, a newspaper published in Lawrence, Kansas. On October 8, 1857, it reported the following:
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Gov. Reeder soon after March 30 visited Washington, hoping to induce Pres. Pierce to disregard the election. On his way there he stopped at his old home, Easton, Pa., and told the story of Kansas' wrongs, in a speech to his old neighbors. In this he designated the invaders as "Border Ruffians", and said they were led by their chiefs, David R. Atchison and B. F. Stringfellow.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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Armed with revolvers and Bowie knives, border ruffians forcefully interfered in the Kansas row over slavery.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Cecil-Fronsman, Bill. 'Death to All Yankees and Traitors in Kansas': The Squatter Sovereign and the Defense of Slavery in Kansas, Kansas History 16 (Spring 1993): 22–33.</ref> A correspondent for the London Times while visiting Kansas in 1856 reported many occurrences of the so-called bowie-knife voting in Kansas when voters were heckled and harassed by border ruffians.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> In response, the New England Emigrant Aid Company shipped Sharps rifles to the Kansas Territory, in crates said to have been labeled "Bibles".<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
At that time, many Kansas settlers opposed slavery. However, slavery advocates were determined to have their way regardless. When elections were held, bands of armed border ruffians seized polling places, prevented Free-State men from voting, and cast votes illegally, falsely stating they were Kansas residents.<ref name="ushistory"/><ref name="nps"> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Border ruffians operated from Missouri. It was said that they voted and shot in Kansas, but slept in Missouri.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They not only interfered in territorial elections, but also committed outrages on Free-State settlers and destroyed their property. This violence gave the origin of the phrase "Bleeding Kansas". However, political killings and violence were exercised by both warring sides.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Watts, Dale. How Bloody was Bleeding Kansas? Political Killings in Kansas Territory, 1854–1861, Kansas History, Vol. 18, Summer 1995, pp. 116–129</ref><ref>Welch, G. Murlin. Border Warfare in Southeastern Kansas, 1856–1859. Pleasanton, Kans.: Linn County Publishers, 1977.</ref>
The federal government did not interfere to stop the violence.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Hence, episodes as the sacking of Lawrence, Kansas, in May 1856 became possible. U.S. Senator David Rice Atchison (D-Missouri) personally incited the assembling mob:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
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Border ruffians contributed to the increasingly violent sectional tensions, culminating in the American Civil War.<ref>Monaghan, Jay. Civil War on the Western Border. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1955.Template:ISBN?Template:Page needed</ref>
Leaders and followersEdit
Border ruffians did not constitute an organized group. They never had meetings, had no designated leaders, and no one ever directed any message to them as a body.
Border ruffians were driven by the rhetoric of politicians such as David Rice Atchison, Benjamin Franklin Stringfellow, John H. Stringfellow, editor of the pro-slavery newspaper Squatter Sovereign (Atchison, Kansas), and Speaker of the House in the First Kansas Territorial Legislature, the so-called Bogus Legislature.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Rev. Thomas Johnson, a Methodist preacher.<ref>Pious Preacher or Radical Hypocrite? The Reverend Thomas Johnson Template:Webarchive, The New Santa Fe Trailer</ref> Samuel J. Jones, and Daniel Woodson, a proslavery newspaper editor.<ref>Matthew E. Stanley. Woodson, Daniel Template:Webarchive. Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1855–1865</ref><ref>Etcheson, Nicole. Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004, p. 116</ref> In particular, Atchison called Northerners "negro thieves" and "abolitionist tyrants". He encouraged Missourians to defend their institution "with the bayonet and with blood" and, if necessary, "to kill every God-damned abolitionist in the district".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Few of the ordinary border ruffians actually owned slaves because most were too poor. Their motivation was hatred of Yankees and abolitionists, and fear of free Blacks living nearby. Kansas slavery was small-scale and operated mainly at the household level.<ref>Cory, Charles Easterbrook. Slavery in Kansas, Kansas Historical Collection 7 (1901–1902): 229–242.</ref> Most of the Kansans, according to historian David M. Potter, were concerned primarily about land titles. He pointed out that, "the great anomaly of 'Bleeding Kansas' is that the slavery issue reached a condition of intolerable tension and violence ... in an area where a majority of the inhabitants apparently did not care very much one way or the other about slavery."<ref name="Assumption University"/>
Frank W. Blackmar's encyclopedia of Kansas history summarizes how the rank-and-file among border ruffians took pride in both how they were called and what they were doing:
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The presence of violent bands of both Kansan and Missourian combatants made it difficult for settlers on the Kansas–Missouri border to remain neutral.<ref name="ushistory">Newlon, Jack, Rob Spooner, and Alicia Spooner. Bleeding Kansas: Mid 1850s – Precursor to the Civil War Template:Webarchive, in U-S-History.com. Online Highways, 2021</ref>
HistoryEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The history of border ruffians is woven into the historical context of Bleeding Kansas, or the border war, a series of violent civil confrontations in Kansas in 1854–1859.<ref>Goodrich, Thomas. War to the Knife: Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1861. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1998.</ref> Kansas Territory was created by the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. The Act repealed the previous Federal prohibition on slavery in that area. Instead, the locally elected territorial legislature was to decide on the slavery issue.<ref name="ushistory"/>
The first territorial census, taken in January–February 1855, counted 8601 people; 2905 were deemed eligible to vote; there were 192 enslaved in the Territory.<ref>Cutler, William G. History of the State of Kansas: Containing a Full Account of Its Growth from an Uninhabited Territory to a Wealthy and Important State; of Its Early Settlements; Its Rapid Increase in Population; and the Marvelous Development of Its Great Natural Resources Template:Webarchive. Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1883.</ref>Template:Page needed<ref>Kansapedia: Kansas Territory Template:Webarchive, Kansas Historical Society</ref>
After the Kansas–Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and allowed Kansans to vote on slavery, the opponents from both sides of the slavery debate started to recruit settlers to increase support of their causes.
Immigration to KansasEdit
Proslavery immigrants aided by the Lafayette Emigration Society, and anti-slavery settlers, established their own territorial enclave (such as Atchison and Leavenworth), and Free-State immigrants aided by the New England Emigrant Aid Company established theirs (such as Lawrence, Topeka).<ref>Kansas Matters – Appeal to the South Template:Webarchive, De Bow's Review, Vol 20, Issue 5, May 1, 1856, pp. 635-639.</ref><ref>Barry, Louise. The Emigrant Aid Company Parties of 1854 and The Emigrant Aid Company Parties of 1855, Kansas Historical Quarterly 12 (1943): pp. 115–155, 227–268.</ref><ref>Carruth, William H. New England in Kansas, New England Magazine, Vol. 16, March 1897, pp. 3–21.</ref> This circumstance resulted in a deep partisan divide in regard to the slavery question among settlers and their civic and business leaders. Then extremists on both side resorted to arms. On the pro-slavery side violence was committed by the border ruffians and on the free-state side by the jayhawkers.<ref name="cyclopedia"/><ref>Border Ruffians Template:Webarchive, U.S. History Online Textbook</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
On November 29, 1854, border ruffians elected a pro-slavery territorial representative to Congress, John W. Whitfield. It was determined after a Congressional investigation that 60% of the votes were illegal.<ref name="Assumption University">"Bleeding Kansas" Template:Webarchive, The E Pluribus Unum Project: America in the 1770s, 1850s, and 1920s, Assumption University</ref>
On March 30, 1855, border ruffians elected a pro-slavery Territorial Legislature, which introduced harsh penalties for speaking against slavery.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> It was called the Bogus Legislature by Free-Staters due to the fact that border ruffians arrived en masse and there were twice as many votes cast than there were eligible voters in the Territory. Failure to ensure fair elections led to establishment of two territorial governments in Kansas, one pro-slavery and another Free State, each claiming to be the only legitimate government of the entire Territory.<ref name="Assumption University"/>
Despite all border ruffians' attempts to push anti-slavery settlers out of the Territory, far more Free-State immigrants moved to Kansas than pro-slavery.Template:Citation needed In 1857, the pro-slavery faction in Kansas proposed the Lecompton Constitution for the future state of Kansas. It tried to get the Lecompton Constitution adopted with additional fraud and violence, but by then there were too many Free-Staters there and the U.S. Congress refused to confirm it.<ref name="nps"/>
Border ruffians also engaged in general violence against Free-State settlements. They burned farms and sometimes murdered Free-State men. Most notoriously, border ruffians twice attacked Lawrence, the Free-State capital of the Kansas Territory. On December 1, 1855, a small army of border ruffians laid siege to Lawrence, but were driven off. This became the nearly bloodless climax to the "Wakarusa War".
On May 21, 1856, an even larger force of border ruffians and pro-slavery Kansans captured Lawrence, which they sacked.<ref name="ushistory"/>
Free-State settlers struck back. Anti-slavery Kansan irregulars, led by Charles R. Jennison, James Montgomery, and James H. Lane, among others, and known as jayhawkers, attacked proslavery settlers and suspected border ruffian sympathizers.<ref>Neely, Jeremy. The Border Between Them: Violence and Reconciliation on the Kansas-Missouri Line. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007.</ref> Most notoriously, abolitionist John Brown killed five proslavery men at Pottawatomie.<ref name="ushistory"/><ref>Oates, Stephen B. To Purge This Land With Blood: A Biography of John Brown. New York: Harper and Row, 1970.</ref> In revenge, a band of border ruffians, led by John W. Reid, sacked the village of Osawatomie, Kansas after the Battle of Osawatomie.<ref>Rein, Christopher.Battle of Osawatomie Template:Webarchive, Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854–1865.</ref>
Aid to the Free-State causeEdit
T. W. Higginson, a minister, was instrumental in turning the Massachusetts State Kansas Committee, a former subsidiary of the New England Emigrant Aid Company, into a nationally known organization.<ref>Emigrant Aid Organizations: Massachusetts State Kansas Committee Template:Webarchive, Territorial Kansas</ref> It worked to recruit abolitionist settlers, raised funds for them to migrate to Kansas, and equipped them with rifles to use against border ruffians.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> In 1856 it acquired 200 Sharps rifles for $4,947.88 that were shipped to Kansas via Iowa and ended in John Brown's hands.<ref name="rifles"/> In September 1858, it invested $3,800 in 190 Sharps rifles for Kansas.<ref>Massachusetts State Kansas Aid Committee Report, September 1858 Template:Webarchive, West Virginia Archives and History</ref> Abolitionist Henry W. Beecher pronounced that, <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
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On July 9, 1856, the Massachusetts State Kansas Committee and the New England Emigrant Aid Company initiated the establishment of the Kansas National Aid Committee headquartered in Chicago. Thaddeus Hyatt, head of the national committee, began collecting money, arms, provisions, clothing, and agricultural supplies to aid the Free-State cause in Kansas. The goal was to transport five thousand settlers to Kansas Territory giving them a year's worth of supplies.<ref>National Kansas Relief Committee, minutes Template:Webarchive, Kansas Historical Society</ref>
A distribution depot was set up at Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, where immigrants were furnished not only with horses and wagons and other supplies, but also with arms; they were organized into companies and drilled. The National Kansas Committee spent in 1856–1857 around Template:US$ on the Free State cause.<ref name="rifles"/><ref>Hinton, Richard Josiah. John Brown And His Men: With Some Account of the Roads They Traveled to Reach Harper's Ferry Template:Webarchive. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1894, p. 122.</ref>
OutcomesEdit
On August 2, 1858, the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution of 1857 was rejected at the polls, signifying the defeat of border ruffians' cause.<ref>Rawley, James A. Race and Politics: "Bleeding Kansas" and the Coming of the Civil War Template:Webarchive. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1969.</ref> On January 29, 1861, President James Buchanan signed the bill that approved the Wyandotte Constitution and Kansas came to the Union as a Free State.<ref>O’Bryan, Tony. "Wyandotte Constitution," Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854–1865.</ref>
During the Civil WarEdit
During the American Civil War, the violence on the Kansas-Missouri border not only continued, but escalated tremendously. Many of the former border ruffians became pro-Confederate guerrillas, or bushwhackers. They operated in western Missouri, sometimes raiding into Kansas, and Union forces campaigned to suppress them. Farms on the Missouri-Kansas state line were looted and burned. Suspected guerrillas were killed; in retaliation, bushwhackers murdered Union sympathizers and suspected informers. Confederate guerrilla leaders, such as "Bloody Bill" Anderson and William Quantrill, were feared in Kansas during the war.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Many of the Union troops fighting bushwackers were former jayhawkers who held deep grudges against border ruffians. Charles R. Jennison recruited the 7th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, which became known as the Jennison's Jayhawkers. In the fall and winter of 1861 and 1862, Jennison's Jayhawkers became infamous for looting and destroying the property of Missourians.<ref>O’Bryan, Tony. "Jayhawkers," Template:Webarchive Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854–1865</ref>
Some of the jayhawkers joined a paramilitary group called the Red Legs. Wearing red gaiters and numbered around 100, Red Legs served as scouts during the punitive expedition of the Union troops in Missouri. Jayhawkers and Red Legs pillaged and burned multiple towns in 1861–1863 in Missouri.Template:Explain<ref>O'Bryan, Tony. "Red Legs," Template:Webarchive Civil War on the Western Border, The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854–1865</ref><ref>Cheatham, Gary L. 'Desperate Characters': The Development and Impact of the Confederate Guerrilla Conflict in Kansas, Kansas History 14 (Autumn 1991): 144–161. Archived</ref> The destruction of Osceola, Missouri, is depicted in the movie The Outlaw Josey Wales.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Sacking of Lawrence
- Sacking of Osceola
- Wakarusa War
- Pottawatomie massacre
- Battle of Osawatomie
- Marais des Cygnes massacre
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Williams, Robert Hamilton. With the border ruffians; memories of the Far West, 1852–1868. New York: John Murray, 1907.
- Cutler, William G. History of the State of Kansas: Containing a Full Account of Its Growth from an Uninhabited Territory to a Wealthy and Important State; of Its Early Settlements; Its Rapid Increase in Population; and the Marvelous Development of Its Great Natural Resources. Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1883.
- Gladstone, Thomas H. The Englishman In Kansas: Or, Squatter Life and Border Warfare. New York: Miller & Company, 1857.
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- Greeley, Horace. A History of the Struggle for Slavery Extension or Restriction in the United States. New York: Dix, Edwards and Company, 1856.
- Phillips, William Addison. The conquest of Kansas, by Missouri and her allies. A history of the troubles in Kansas, from the passage of the organic act until the close of July 1856. Boston: Philips, Sampson and company, 1856.
External linksEdit
- Bad Blood, the Border War that Triggered the Civil War, DVD documentary. Kansas City MO: Kansas City Public Television (KCPT) and Wide Awake Films, 2007. Template:ISBN
- Time Line: Bleeding Kansas, Template:Webarchive Center for Great Plains Studies, Emporia State University
Template:Territories of the United States Template:History of slavery in the United States Template:Kansas in the Civil War